
THB 



HANDY War Boo 



m 



A New Book of Important and Authentic Information and Statistics 

on the Many Subjects Related to the Present War, Sucb 

as Size, Population, Climate, Commerce and Resources 

of the Islands Concerned in the Spanish-American 

Conflict, with Many Other Facts Which * 

Readers of War News Should Havfc 

Pictures of U. So War Vessels 



And a Classification and Description of the Various Ships in 

Navies of Spain and America, with Definitions of 

Naval Terms Used in Press Dispatches. 



FINE WAR MAPS 



Of Cuba, Porto Rico, Philippines, Havana and Harbor, and West 
India Islands, and a Large Map of the World 



By LIEUT. K HANNAFORD 




MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK, Publishers 
SPRINGFIELD, OHIO 



CHICAGO 
1643 Moaadoock Block 



Farm and Fireside L11irar>'- No- Ifil- -"ulyt 1^93. 
islied Monthly liy Mast, Crowetl & Kirlqiatrlck, Spriu^'fleUl, Ohio. 
Subscription Price, #3.00 per year. 



CONTENTS. 



DESCRIPTIVE. STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL 



PAOB 

Ampricaii War Preparations 36 

Beginning of the Spanisb-Ainericaii 

War 3« 

Blanco in Cuba 31 

Campaign of 1895 21 

Campaign of 1896 > 24 

Campaign of 1897 2K 

Canary Islands 62 

Cape Verde Islands 62 

Caroline Islands 02 

Cervera's Fatal Cruise -18 

Cervera's Fleet, Destruction of 48 

ClimatHof Cuba 12 

Cuba, General Description of„ 11 

Cuban Blockade, the 39 

c'ut)an (fipanisli) Debt .• 58 

Cuban Discontent, Causes of 18 

Cuban People, Capital, etc 15 

Cuban Republic, the 33 

Cuban Resources and Industries 13 

Cuban Revolution Begun 19 

Cnk>M Under Hpain Ifi 

DeLoine Letter, the 35 

Dewey's Great Victory 44 

(inns of Modern Warfare, the 54 

Havana, City of 15 

HhwhH 68 

Hawaii, Annexation of 69 

H(Hland Diving-boat, the 56 

Honolulu. City of fi9 

Index to Map of Cuba 70 



PAOB 

Ladrone Islands (>2 

Maceo, Death of 26 

Maine, Blowing up of the- 36 

Manila, Battle of 46 

Manila, City and Bay of » 41 

Naval Terms Kxplaiued 57 

Vaviesof Leading Nations and Hpaln 61) 
Navies of United States and Spain 

Compared 62 

Navy-yards, Location of U. S 58 

Philippine Conquest, Organizing the 4(i 

Phili{5pine Kxpeditions, tlie 46 

Philippine Islands, the 66 

Porto Rico ftS 

Porto Rico Campaign, the , 49 

Rank and Pay in the Army and Navy 61 

Reconcentration Horrors 2* 

Resolution Adopted by Congress, 

War 87 

San Juan, City of 64 

Santiago Campaign, the 49 

Spanish-American War, OpeulDgof- 38 

Sugar, Cuban ^ 18 

Taxation in Cuba 18 

Torpedo-boats and Destroyers 55 

TrochHS, the 25 

War-ships, Kinds of 69 

War-vessels, Spanish 51 

War-vessels. United States 50 

Weylerin Cuba 2c 

Yellow Fever in Havana 1"-' 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF WAR-VESSELS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS. 



PAOB 

Arnphitrite <J 

Mlvtnta 73 

Bh 1 1 i more 76 

Ban.Toft 72 

Bennington 7H 

Boston 73 

Brooklyn 5 

Charleston 8 

Chicago 8 

Cincinnati 77 

Columbia 6 

(oii'-ord 75 

(,'\:- Mll^ 79 



PAOB 

Detroit 7s 

Dolphin 71 

Helena 71 

Indiana On map sheet 

Iowa On map sheet 

Katahdin lo 

Maine. 6 

Marblehead 74 

Massachusetts 4 

Miantonomoh 10 

Minneapolis 77' 

Monterey 78 

Montgomery 74 



Newark " 

New York 

Olympia - 

Oregon On map sheet 

Philadelphia " 

Puritan C 

Raleigh 8( 

San Francisco 76 

Terror.- 8» 

Texas On map sheet 

Vesuvius ".; 

Vorktowp ~ 71' 



MAPS IN BACK OF BOOK. 



Cnba 

Havana HarlKjr '. 

Philippine Islands- 

!' .'to Rico 

I Indies 

A Id. on MercalorV Projection. 



Nortli Atlantic OcPMti 

Showing CHpe Vente J'-lands, Ca- 
nary Islands and .Spain; the At- 
lantic and Gulf Coasts of United 
Stales, also West Indies, Central 
America and Northern Coast-line 
of t^out li America. 




THE 



HANDY WAR BOOK 



Containing' Authentic Information and Statistics on Subjects 

Relating" to the War, with Descriptions of the American 

and Spanish Navies; also a Brief History of Cuba, 

Porto Rico, the Philippines and Other Islands. 



WITH ACCURATE WAR MAPS AND 

PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES OF 

U. S. WAR VESSELS. 



BY LIEUT. E. HANNAFORD 



Copyright, 1898, by Mast, Crowell & Kirkpairlck 



PUBLISHED BY 

MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK 
New York SPRINGFIELD, OHIO Chjcago 




Second-class Battleship. MAINE. Speed, 17J knots.. 

(liloirn up ill I/avaiKi J/<iiIi<ji; FihriKirij i.5. IS'JS.) 

Length, 318 feet; breadth, 57 feet. Displacement, 6,682 tons. Guns, four 
10-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder 
rapid-tire, and four Catlings. Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, sides 12, turrets 
8, barbettes 12, deck 2. Officers, 34; men, 370. Contract price, $2,500,000. 




lajgggtgtSr' 



Protected Ste. 



COllVWli! A. 



Speed, 23 knots. 

Length. 412 feet; breadth. 5^i feet. Hisplacement, 7.375 tons. Guns, one 8-inch 
breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch and eight 4-inch rapid-fire, twelve 6-pounder and four 
l-pounder rapid-fire, and four Catlings, ^our torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck. 
2i, slope 7. Ofiicers, 35; men, 429. Cost. $2,725,000. 

— 6 — 




*~ «i*r„'..;«4J- 



Protected Steel Cruiser. PHILADELPHIA. Speed, 19^ knots. 

Length, 327^ feet; breadth, 481 feet. Displacement, 4,324 tons. Guns, twelve 
6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, four 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid- 
fire, three 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and four Gatlings. Four torpedo- 
tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2J, slope 4. Officers, 34; men, 350. Cost, $1,350,000. 







Protected Steel Cruiser. NEWARK. Speed, It) knots. 

Length, 310 feet; breadth, 49 feet. Displacement, 4,09S tons. Guns, twelve 
6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, four 3-pounder and two 1-pounde. rapid- 
fire, four 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and four Gatlings. Six torpedo- 
tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3. Officers, 34; men, 350. Cost, $1,248,000. 

— 7 — 




Protected Steel Cruirie. CHARLESTON. Speed, li> knots. 

Length, 312^ fee^, breadth, 46 feet. Displacement, 3,730 tons. Guns, two 8-inch 
and six G-inch breech-loading rifles, four d-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder 
rapid-fire, four 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Four tor- 
pedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3. Officers, 20; men. 280. Cost, $1,017,500. 




Protecteil . 



Cllle.VUO. 



.,,,..::, knots. 

Length, 325 feet; breadth, 48 feet. Displacement, 4,500 tons. Guns, four 
8-inch, eight 6-inch and two 5-inch breech-loading rifles, nine 6-pounder and four 
1-pounder rapid-fire, two 37 -millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. 
Armoi, in inches, deck and slope li. Officers, 33 : men, 376. Cost. $ss9,000. 

— 8 — 




Double-turret Monitor. 



AMPHITRITE. 



Speed, 12 knots. 

Length, 259i feet; breadth, 55J feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four 
10-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, two 37-milli- 
meter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon. Armor, in inches, 
sides 9, turrets 7J, barbettes lU,deck If. Officers, 13; men, 136. Cost, $3,178,046. 




-<A 



Double-turret Monitor. PoRliAiN. opccu, i^2 Knuir,. 

Length, 289 J feet; breadth, 60 feet. Displacement, 6,060 tons. Guns, four 10-inch 
breech-loading rifles, and eight rapid-fire and machine-guns. Armor, in inches, sides 
14, turrets 8, barbettes 14, deck 2. Officers, 22; men, 208. Cost, $3,178,046. 

— 9 — 




Double-turret Monitor. MIANT()NOAU)H. Speed, lOi knots. 

Length, 259^ feet; breadth, 55f feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four 
10-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid- 
fire. Armor, in inches, sides 7, turrets Hi deck If. Officers, 13^ men, 136. Has a 
double bottom, 28 inches clear space between the two. Cost, $3,178,046. 




Armored Ram. 



KATAHDIN. 



Speed, 17 knots. 



Length, 250J feet; breadth, 43^ feet. Displacement, 2,155 tons. 
6-p()under rapid-fire. Armor, in inches, sides 6 at top and 3 at bottom, 
men, 91. Cost, .$930,000. The only war-vessel of its kind in the world. 

— 10 — 



Guns, four 
Officers, 7; 



Cuba and Spanish=Araerican War. 



\i!li.^l — * OLLOwiNG un the discovery which \Yas to immortalize his name, 
/^"l and the dale October 12, 14'.>2, Columbus cruised AvestAvard 
^^1 among the West Indian isles, and on October 28th entered 
i^^^"^-^^ the mouth of a river in the "great land" of which he had 
^^^,ii\ iieard many times before reaching it. This laud, indescrib- 
\t "^^ ably beautiful and fertile, the natives called Cuba. Mistaken 
.^^'JV? as the great discoverer was in fondly believing he had here 
/ry •>aL^ touched the shores of the great gold-bearing continent he was 
seeliing, the "Gem of the Antilles" is far the most important island of 
the \\>st Indies— almost incomparably so if Hayti be left out of the 
account. A climate so delightful as to seem a perpetual summer, a soil 
inexhaustibly rich, tropical luxuriance of growth in field and forest, 
varied loveliness of natural scenery, no less than twenty-seven good 
harbors— these combine to make Cuba one of nature's most favored 
regions; while its commanding position at the entrance of the Gulf of 
Alexico might well stimulate the acquisitive ambition of nations. "It 
is so near to us," said President Cleveland's message of December, 1896. 
"as to be hardly separated from our OAvn territory." The Strait of 
Florida can be crossed by steamer in five hours. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CUBA. 

Cuba is about TOO miles in length; in width it varies 

DIMENSIONS. j-j.^j^ J27 miles on a line passing some fifty miles west of 

Santiago, to not exceeding 28 miles from Havana southward. Its area is 

about 42,000 square miles, exclusive of the Isle of Pines and other small 

islands, the former containing 1,200, the latter aggregating 970 square 

miles. Thus, in dimensions, Cuba closely approximates the state of 

New York. Compared with Long Island, it is twenty-eight times larger. 

Cuba is traversed lengthwise by a mountainous range, 
MOUNTAINS » ,7 » 

muui-^iiAu-Ma. ^x\\c\i is highest in the eastern part, where it is 

broken up into spurs, or transverse ridges. The most elevated summit 

is 7.GT0 feet above sea-level, but the average height of the mountains 

does not exceed 2,200 feet. The rivers are necessarily short, flowing 

some north, some south, from the central watershed. 

U 



12 CUBA AND SPANISH- AMEBIC AN WAR. 

Scarcely niorc than ono tliird of the hiud has yet 
FORESTS bceu l)roui;ht uiuler cultivatiou. Oue half the island 

AND SWAMPS, j^ coverctl with primeval forests. The lowlands of 
the coast are inundated in the wet season, or at least turned into 
impassable swamps of black and wonderfully tenacious mud. Add to 
this feature the immense reaches of trackless forest, tilled everywhere 
with an almost impeuetrable growth of underbrush, not to mention 
that the dry plains are to a large extent a jungle of very high bushes 
and thick grasses (manigua), and one may begin to form some idea of 
the difficulties that are inseparable from a campaign in this land of 
tropical suns and lurking fevers. 

The two conditions above descril)ed large- 



STRATEGIC CONDITIONS 



ly account for the surprising paucity of 



OF THE WAR. rp^^jin^ accomplished for so long a period 
in the war of 1S'J.J-1S'J8 by the vastly preponderant armies of Spain. The 
insurgent forces, being so inferior numerically, were obliged to remain 
annd the favoring shelter of the mountains and other inaccessible 
timbered regions. The necessity of cutting paths through the dense 
undergrowth of the forests and among the jungled manigua of the 
dry plains acccmnts for the omnipresence of the machete in the Cuban's 
warfare. This famous weapon is primarily not a weai)on at all. but an 
imi)lement designed for hewing a passage through the limitless Avoody 
expanses above mentioned. Surprising strengtli and skill are actpiired in 
Avieldiug this favorite and usually horn-handled blade of from twenty- 
four to thirty inches in length, perfectly straight, as heavy as a cleaver, 
Avith an edge alAA'ays kept like a razor. It somewhat resembles an 
American farmer's corn-scythe, only it is made for heavier Avork, and 
the cutting is done Avith the outer edge instead of the inner oue. 

The climate of the Ioav coast-lands is tropical; that of the 

CLIMATE. ,,„„.(> elevated interior resend)les the Avarmer portions of 
the temperate zone. As regards temperature, it is remarkal)ly equable, 
making Havana a sanatorium of world- Avide celebrity for sutlerers 
from bronchial and pulmonary troubles. The mean annual temperature 
there is 77 to 80 degrees. lOighty-tAA'o degrees is tlu' average for July 
and August, and 72 for I)ecend)er and .January. tht> total range of 
the thermometer during the year being only :'.<) degrees, or from HS 
to 88. The average annual rainfall at Havana is 40..1 inches, of Avhich 
27.8 inches is during the wvt season (from the middle of April to the 
middle of October*. Fireplaces are unknoAvu in Cuba's capital, and 
almost so are glazed Avindows. Avhich are replactnl l)y double sets of 
shutters or curtains. 

Y<'ll(>w fever seldom becomes epidemic in the 

YELLOW FEVER. ,.i,,v..,trd iiilerior. notAvithstanding its prevalence 
during tiie siuuiuer in Havana and other seaports, Avhose Avretclied san- 
UiXtUm constantly invites the attacks of this dreaded scourge. Consul- 



CUBAN BESOUKCES AND INDUSTBIES. 18 

Geuoral (now Major-General) Fitzhugh Lee, when before the Foreign 
Kelatioiis Committee of the United States Senate, April 12, 1898, gave 
it as his opinion that no serious danger from yellow fever need be 
apprehended in conducting a summer campaign in Cuba with troops 
from tlie United States. 

CUBAN RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 

Cuban sugars and tobaccos are famous the world over. 
" In this worli separate sections are given them, as also 

auotlier one to coffee. Next in export value come oranges and the 
various native woods, including a superior quality of mahogany. The 
cigar-boxes so familiarly l^nown throughout the United States and 
Europe are made from a tree of the same natural order as mahogany, 
but popularly known as cedar, a wood which is also much used for the 
inside of drawers, wardrobes, etc. Tlie official value of the total 
exports for one year shortly before the beginning of the last insurrec- 
tion was upward of JfS3,0UU,0UU, consisting almost wliolly of agricul- 
tural products and fruits. 

The several different species of palms found in 
PALMS AND FRUITS, ^^^y^^ ^^.^ luxuriant specimens of tropical trees. 
The Iwoyal palm, rising to the height of one hundred feet or more, is 
strilvingly Ix-autiful and majestic. The cocoanut-palm grows wild, a 
glorious tree, immensely rich in leaves and fruit. In some seasons 
oranges have been so abundant that on the great estates, as a traveler 
declares, they "lay all about on the briglit red earth, little naked negroes 
kicking aside and satiated pigs disdainfully neglecting great luscious 
fruit which the North would have piled with great pride upon salvers of 
silver and porcelain." The banana "bunches" are always cut from the 
parent stem while green. 

The ingeuios, or sugar-plantations, with large buildings and 
K- mills for sugar-refining, have ahvays been tlie most impor- 
tant industrial establishments of the island. Though his former lordli- 
ness and feudal niagniticence underwent, of late years, more or less 
modification, the great sugar-planter was still a prince of agricidture 
up to 1805. He had an immense advantage over all his foreign 
competitors in the fertility of his soil, which seemed practically 
exhaustless. Not all the bounty-stimulated and cheaper production of 
beet-sugar in Europe has been able to displace Cuban sugars in foreign 
markets, though competition from this source has largely reduced 
the profits in raising them. The introduction of modern machin- 
ery requiring large cajiital has more than counteracted that natural 
tendency to subdivide great lioldings of land which is usually observed 
when a system of slave labor gives place to a free one, and has aided 
iu crowding the smaller planters to the wall. 



14 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

In Cuba tho griudiuf? season lasts twice as long as it does in 
Louisiana. The su^ar was put up in jute l)afis (the government tax 
on whieli trebled their cost to the planter), avi'raging sonietliing over 
three hundred pounds eacli, and in this sliape was sent to Havana or 
oilier port. I'ndtr (oiidilidus of peac(> tlie sugar production apinox- 
iniates one million tons per annum. Well-informed Americans consider 
tills only one liftli tlie amount wliicli, willi a good government and 
liroper enterprise, tlie island is capaljle of yielding. The average value 
of sugar exportt'd amounts to ,i;.".(t,(»t)(l.(H)(>, and of molasses .f^it.doauuu, of 
whicli eiglity per cent goes to the United States. 

Tol)acco as a source of income ranks next after sugar. 

TOBACCO. Y^.j jji^^ tobacco industry under Spanish lulc was always 
an uncertain one, owing to the restrictions and exactions impo.sed by 
the government, which controlled it as a monopoly in tiie interests of 
the crown and the Spanish otHcials. The salaries of the ollicers of the 
government Factoria dt' Tobacco in Havana were iinoted as high as 
$541. (MK) for a single year. Cuba's tobacco croi) in IS!).") was estimated 
at about !)-lO,( )<»(),( )(!(). 

For tobacco-raising the rich plains in the western province of 
Cuba, Pinar del Kio, have no rival in the world. This is the region 
which Maceo, commanding the insurgent '•Army of Invasion." chose as 
the principal theater of his operations in tlic (anii)aigii of IS'.Mi. and 
where, in conseiiuence. tlic toliacco crop of that year \v:is nearly all 
lost. Kiding througli tlie lii-lds just at the critical season for cutting 
and curing the leaves, his troops enlisted thousands of the laborers 
and stami)eded the rest. The Spaniards, regarding tlie reliellion and 
the tobacco interests as largely identical— perliaps not witliout reason, 
eitlier— retaliated witli I'uiiious effect wiierever tlieir army could reach. 
This croi) formerly came next to sugar in export value, 

COFFEE, .j^ .^jj^^ jy j„.j,flt ^^^ ^i^. planters; and although Brazil long 
since broke down, without entirely destroying, tlie ("uban colT(>e trade, 
the cafetals. as tlie colTee estates are called, are still sc.-iltend tlirough- 
oiif tlie island. esjM'cially as adjuncts to the great ingenios, where their 
oriiji mental effects are much prized, ('offee culture was introduced 
fntni llayti in 174S, .and lifty years later received a great iini»»'tus from 
the sui>erior inetliods introduced by intelligent and wi'allhy French 
planters esc;iped from tlie now pi-overliial "liorrors of San l>oniingo." 
Culin's mineral resources remain but sliglitly developed. 

MINERALS. -|.,|^. mountains, Avooded to the summit, iu places contain 
iron and copper, liotli of whicli. as also manganese, are exporti'd. 
Though silver ore lias liccn found. :ind in some of the rivers alluvial 
gold deposits. Cuba :is a producer of (he precious metals has always 
raidced low. r.itun.inous coal deixisits in extensive layers seem to 
constitute liie most important item of its mineral wealtli. and in a fow 
years will donlitless be mined in large <iu:intities. 



CUBAN PEOPT.E, CAPITAL, ETC. 



15 



CUBAN PEOPLE, CAPITAL. ETC 



POPULATION. 



Tlio latest census of Cuba is that whicb was taken 
in 1SS7, as follows: 



PROVliNCE^^ 



Havana 

Pinar del liio. . . . 

Matanzas 

Santa Clam 

Puerto Piinclpe. . 
Santiago tie Cuba 

Total 



WHITE. 



344.417 
ICT.IOO 
143,1()9 
244,345 
54,232 
157.980 



1,111.303 



COLORED. 



107.511 

.58.731 
116,401 
109.777 

13,5.57 
114.339 



.520.310 



451.928 
225.891 
259.570 
354,122 
67.789 
272.319 



1.631.619 



As regards density, this population was distributed very unevenly in 
the several provinces, being per square kilometer (a kilometer is within 
a fraction of five eighths of an English mile) as follows: Santiago de 
Cuba, 7.75; Puerto Principe, 2.10; Santa Clara, 15.34; Matanzas, 30..59; 
Havana. .52.49; Pinar del Rio. 15.09. The population of the stats of 
New York, a little larger than Cuba, in 1890 was .5,997.8,53. 

The Spanish government recognized but one religion 

I^ELIGION AND _^jj^. Komau Catholic. Education has been greatly 
EDUCATION, uegiected, anything in the nature of public schools 
for the benefit of the people in general being entirely unknown. One 
of the grievances of the Cuban patriots for generations lay along this 
line. The present government has incorporated religious toleration 
and the diffusion of education in the Constitution as corner-stones of 
the Republic, thus distinctly patterning after the United States. 

The famous capital of Cuba, which is also the 

CITY OF HAVANA, (.omniercial center of the West Indies, was 
founded in 1519. Its harbor is very fine. It is the foremost tobacco 
and sugar market of the world, and manufactures cigars in immense 
quantities. The census of 1887 showed a population of 200.448. The 
city, which is made up of the "old" and "new" towns, the latter outside 
the old walls, has handsome suburbs, besides many and beautiful 
public? parks and promenades. 

Ila-vana is a metropolis of wealth, good living and general luxury, 
with an abundance of cafes and restaxu-ants, fairly rivaling those of 
Paris. It is massively built, mostly of stone, and paved with granite 
or oth(>r stone equally hard, as being the best material for this land 
of prodigious rains and flaming suns. Murat Halstead, the veteran 
American journalist, designates it a city of palaces fronting on alleys, 
some of the principal thoroughfares, sideAvalks and all, having a width 
of only twenty-five feet, and none of the streets being kept clean. The 



l6 CUfiA AND SPANTSn-AilERTOAN WAlt 

(•ntluMlral of !I:iv:iii:i, vciiorabU' and iiiii)()siiij; witlioul. Di'iiatc aud 
brilliant within, lias iu its keepiuj; (unloss au almost incnMliblc fraiid 
was perpetrated iu 17'J(!) the priceless treasure of the bones of Coluui- 
bus, iu a marble urn. Morro f'astle, at the entrance of the harltor, is 
quite celebrated, lastly as the dreary prison of political offenders, iudud- 
injj; more than one American. For harbor defense, however, the main 
reliauce is some newer fortitications ou the neigh Itorinj? hills, a littl" 
way back from the sea-frout. 

Santiaso de Cuba comes next to Havana in population. 

OTHER CITIES, j, (.ontjiiQ^.d 71,307 iu 18'J2, while Matauzas had 
5G.379, I'uerto Triucipe 40,G41 aud Cleufuegos 40,9(M. (An enumeration 
was mad«' in the cities iu 1SI)2, but not over the whole island.) 

Before the war there were about 1.00(1 miles of 

COMMUNICATIONS. i..^iii.o,.^,i jy regular operation throughout the 
island, besides 200 miles of private lines running to the large sugar- 
plantations. The telegraph lines aggr<'gated 2.810 miles. The number 
of vessels that entered the live principal ports— Havana Santiago. 
Cleufuegos. Trinidad and Nuevitas— iu 1894 was iu round numbers two 
thousand, with a tonnage of two and one half millions. 

CUBA UNDER SPAIN. 

Forty years of cruel and rigorous servitude 
EARLY SPANISH RULE. „j,f|i,.t.,i to blot the three hundred thousand 
gentle, indolent aborigines of Cuba off the face of the earth. For 
a long time the island continued sparsely settled, its wondrous 
agricultural capabilities surprisingly unappreciated. The Spanish 
V(>ssels passing between the New World and the home ports of 
C'ldiz and Barcelona invariably ni.ide the harbor of Havana; that city 
quickly grew into imi)ortance. but the rest of the island lay n«'glected. 
Meanwhile the West lndi:in waters were churned into bloixly f(«im 
whenever war arose in Europe. Here would assend)le the French, the 
English, the Dutch navies, and here they dealt som«> of their most tell- 
ing blows upon the power of Sjiain at sea. Havana was destroyed by 
a French privateer in IH^S, ami again in l.">4, and in 1024 the Dutch 
captured it, but gave it back to Spaiu. During two centuries the rich 
Spanish galleons (a treasure-ship and merchantman) offered au irresis- 
tible temptation to hostile seamen aud swarming bucaneers. 

The concpiest of Havana and other important 
ENGLISH CONQUEST j,,,;,,,^ j,, (,,„,.^ ,,y ^,,^. English in 1702 was a 
OF 1762. ^ji-ii-iiij, fp,Tt of arms, which, strange as it 
sounds, owed its success to a tinndy reinforcement of 2..".<M) men. under 
<;ener;il Lyman and Lieutenant-Colonel Israel Putnam, from the col- 
onies of Connecticut, New York aud New .T«>rsey. The resistance of the 
Spaniards cost the victors dearly, most of all iu au appalling death- 



CUBA UNDKK Sl'AlN. 17 

rate from disease, exposure aud lack of water. The spoil takeu was 
enormous, that part of it which was divided among the British soldiers 
aud sailors as prize-money amounting to about $4,000,000. liord Albe- 
marle and Sir George Pocock each pocketed about $600,000. English 
statecraft never made a worse bargain than when it gave Cuba back 
to Spain in 1763, in exchange for a barren title to Florida. Had 
England held Cuba, French assistance in the American Revolution 
might have been futile, and possibly George III. would have had his 
way, instead of Wasliington and Hancock having theirs. 

The replacement of the iron and bloody hand of 

FROM 1763 TO 1848. gpai^ retarded, but did not check, the develop- 
ment of Cuba's marvelous resources. When the French deposed the 
reigning fandly in Spain, in 1808, Cuba declared war against Napoleon. 
Nor was this sentiment of loyalty subverted by the example of success- 
ful revolt on all sides. Si)ain lost Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, 
Chili, etc., but Cuba remained her prize, with only one disturbance of 
note, the Black Eagle Conspiracy of 1821), amid it all. However, because 
of government (since 1810) by a foreign captain-general, also because of 
the heavy taxation, a discontent was breeding, which gradually hard- 
ened into opposition, hatred and defiance after 1836, when Cuba was 
denied a share in the benefits of the new constitution granted the 
mother-country. The antagonisms of race likewise came into play, 
and 1844 brought the short-lived insurrection of the blacks. 

In 1848 President Polk offered Spain $1,000,000 for 

AMERICAN ^j^^ island, but encountered an indignant refusal. In 

OVERTURES. jj,-j^ Narcisso Lopez, a Venezuelan aud a filibuster, 
led a much-vaunted expedition from one of our southern ports into its 
death-trap in the western part of Cuba, and was garroted. The famous 
Osteud Manifesto by the United States ministers to England, France 
and Spain Avas issued in 18.54, declaring that if Spain would not sell, 
this country should seize Cuba by force and annex it. The three move- 
ments last mentioned were conceived in the interest of slavery exten- 
sion. In 1873 occurred the tragic A'irginius incident, when Captain 
Fry, of that ill-fated vessel, and fifty-two other American prisoners 
were sliot at Santiago as "pirates." In 188'.) Sagasta, the Spanish 
premier, told the United States minister, Thomas W. Palmer, there was 
not gold enough in tlie world to purchase the island of Cuba. 

The year 1868 inaugurated a determined effort 

WAR OF 1868-1878. ^-^j. (^„|jau independence, in which the military 
leadership of Maximo Gomez, a retired officer and native West Indian, 
was conspicuous. The war dragged its weary length for ten years, its 
operations being limited to the eastern third of the island. It was 
finally terminated by the treaty of El Zanjon, between Cespedes, the 
civil head of the revolutionary movement (Gomez and most of the 
generals assenting), and Captain-General Martinez Campos. This treaty 



18 CUBA ANO Sl-AMSII-AMEIIRAN WAfi. 

was liailcd willi dcli.irlit 1).v all; by llif Cubans as also :i fiuarautcc of 
autuiioiny, aud ol" personal rijxlits and privile.u'i's, aud I'liual in-ott'ctiou 
under the law. (Joniez then retired to his family and little farm in 
Santo Domintio. The '"teu years of ruin aud of tears" for <'uba had 
cost Spain IfCU.CK )(•.()(•(> aud lOO.ooO men, most of them by yellow fever. 
Of eourse, the expenses of the war wi-re saddled on Cuba. 

CAUSES OF CUBAN DISCONTENT. 

The Cu1)an patriots always claimed that tho 
A HOLLOW MOCKERY, treaty of El Zanjon (se<> preceding; paragraph) 
became a hollow mockery iu the hands of its Si)anish administrators. 
Names ouly were chau.si«'d. uot methods. The title of captain-jieueral 
gave place to .trovernor-.ueneral, but it was the san}e ottice. the same 
arbitrary, irresponsible power, as befori'. The right of banishment was 
nominally given up, but a "law of vagrancy" was framed, which 
accomplished precisely the same end. Tlu' brutal atlacks on defenseless 
citizens were proliibitcd, but under a uew and soft Castilian name 
they still went on. and remained unpunished. Taxation witlioiu the 
knowledge or consent of the Cubans themselves was, as ever, the 
core of the whol«.> liscal system. The groundwork of the admiuistrative 
policy remained (he same; namely, to exclude every native Cuban from 
every oflice which cduld in any way give him etfective inllnence in 
ptd>lic affairs, and to iiial<f the most out of the labor of the colonists 
for the benelit of tlie mother-couutry. 

Tlie Spaniards never conceived any other policy 
INJUSTICE AND ,j,.,,j ,|,.j{ (i,^. helpless Cubans wi-re iu duty bouud 

OPPRESSION, j,^ maintain the manufactures of Spain, aud be 
doubly tax.'d— once as goods went, and again as goods came— for the 
pnvilt>ge of the exchange. The government at ^ladrid was always 
on the alert to issue decrees whose effect would be to cheapen sugar 
and toba(<o. the two great Cuban products, and at the same time to 
compel the importation by Cuba of many things which she ought to 
raise in her own ^iilds or fabricate in her own shops, the oidy 
consideration liciug Imw to raise the largest revenue possibl(>. by an 
export duty on the former and a tariff duty ou the latter. The oppres- 
sion this policy wrought was greatly aggravattMl by the all-pervadiug 
corruption iu the custom-houses. Spain practically confiscatt>d the prod- 
uct of the Cubans' labor without giving them in return either safety or 
prosperity, nor yet education. She systematically impoverished Cuba, 
aud demoralized its i»copie by condemning them to political inferiority. 
The Cuban deputies were never able to accoui- 
TAXATION AND DEBT, j,,,^,, .,„ything in the Cortes at Madrid: iu fact, 
few of them really attciiiiitcd jinythiug. the majority owing (heir pla<-es 
to distinctly Spanisii intlnence. The vast sums amassed by taxes niul- 



CTJBAN KEVOLtTTION BEGXJN. U) 

titudiuoiis, searchiug, graspinji-, were raised and spent, not for roads, 
not for schools, not for improvements, not for developing internal 
resources, but for the enrichment and indulgence of a swarm of over- 
bearing foreigners. Spain had fastened on Cuba a* debt of !f2(Xl,000,000, 
considerably over .$10(1 per capita, and In addition a system of taxation 
which wrung if30.(MH»,0U(J annually from the Cubans. 

On the other hand, the Spanish officials protested 
THE SPANISH SIDE, ^j^.^^ ^j^^, political regime had been entirely trans- 
formed on the lines of the treaty of El Zanjou. The island was 
immediately divided into its present six provinces. The last vestige 
of slavery was removed in 188(5, two years before the limit set. (Con- 
eerulng this, the Cubans insist that the ten years' war had killed 
slavery an.vhow, and the royal decrees were simply its obituary.) The 
promised constitutional reforms, according to this view, were carried 
out in good faith, including, besides Cuban representation in the Cortes, 
a considerable extension of the suffrage and of the principle of self- 
government, the promotion of education, the legalizing of civil mai'- 
riages, etc. Cuba, in short, was a spoiled child. The revolutionary 
leaders were pestiferous cranks and adventurers, the Maceos — who 
were mulattoes— being particularly obnoxious, as inciters of revolt 
among the blacks. 

CUBAN REVOLUTION BEGUN. 

The Cuban exiles at Key West and other Florida 
THE CUBAN JUNTA. p^,ijj^g ^^ also New York City, with those in the 
non-Spanish West Indies, Mexico, Honduras and Venezuela, numbered 
many thousands, including numerous veterans of the ten years' war; 
and these lived in perpetual ferment over some project or other for the 
liberation of Cuba, always keeping in close touch with their com- 
patriots there. A supreme Revolutionary Junta was formed, with New 
York City for headquarters, and for its master-spirit that indomitable 
and tireless organizer, Jose Marti. Before the end of 1894 the Junta 
had the moral and material support of nearly one hundred and fifty 
revolutionary clubs, all actively at work in raising a. war fund and 
purchasing arms and ammunition. The Cuban cigar-makers, etc., in 
the United States pledged to the cause one tenth of their earnings, or 
more if needed. Calleja was now governor-general of Cul)a, a liberal- 
minded man for a Spaniard, but hampered continually from Madrid. 
Meantime the malcontents at home were steadily 
RIPENING REVOLT. j,,i,|i„o, ^^^ ^Ijp liuiited supply of arms that had 

been secreted there since the war closed in 1878. doing so mostly by 
smuggling them in, or by purchase from corrupt underlings at the 
government arsenals. A "filibustering expedition" was broken up by the 
United States authorities, January 14, 1895, at Feruandina, Florida, 



'20 CVWA ANn SPAMSH-AMKRIPAN WAlft. 

when on tlic evi' ol' ^ailiiiti'. Oiu" of its leaders was Antonio Maceo. 
'lliree others of them. Jose Marti, CoUej^o and Kodrifjiiez. were next 
heard of iu February, in Santo Domingo, whither they had gone lo 
coucert further measures with their fellow-partisans living in Cuba. 
It was at this period that Marti, president of the Revolutionary Junta, 
made his way to a modest home in the Avestern part of Santo Domingo. 
and to the same able and wily soldier, veteran of a dozen wars, who 
had been prominent in the last Cuban army, officially tendered the 
orgauization and the command of the Cuban army of the future. And 
Maximo (Jomez accepted. 

The program agreed on contemplated a rising in all 
DESULTORY ^^j^^ provinces on February 24, 1895. This is the 

OUTBREAKS, (i^i^.m-;^ Fourth of July, the date of the revolutionists' 
formal dt'claration of Mar, though, as it turned out. they were then 
able to raise the flag of the republic in but three provinces, only one of 
which seemed the theater of events at all threatening; for the disturb- 
ances reiwrted in Malanzas and Santa Clara Avere soon quelled. 

The province of Santiago de Cuba is for the most part thinly 
settled, which, with its generally mountainous and densely wooded char- 
aetei", makes it an ideal territory for guerrilla warfare. The uprising 
there, February 24th, aroused the Spanish anthoriti(>s to a sense of 
annoyance— scarcely more. But the handful of insurgent guerrillas 
playing hide-and-seek iu the mountains and the swamps found wel- 
come, succor, reinforcements. Avherever they appeared. Then came 
the unearthing of a widespread plot in this same provinc(> that occa- 
sioned genuine alarm, the conspirators' plans including wholesale con- 
flagrations, and the extermination of the Spanish otlicials and soMiery. 
beginning with the resident governor. 

Calleja proclaimed martial law in Santiago, also in 
CALLEJAS Matanzas, and hurried detachments to 1)oth. Out 

DIFFICULTIES, ^^j. ,^ ,i„ininal army of 2().0(t0 he could put oidy !t.(Mt(t 
effectives into the tield. while of thirteen gunboats on patrol duty along 
the coast no more than sev»>n were fit for service. The couunissary 
arrangements were so bad as to more than ouce block important move- 
ments of the troops. The almost daily story of the telegraph would be 
the appearance iu such or such a district of au insurrectionary Itand. 
which at the approach of troops vanished into the mountains or the 
swjimps— where pursuit was impossible— reappearing in a few days as 
raiders on such and such loyalists' plantations, which they not only 
plundered, but enticed the laborers away from, thus terrorizing the 
community and ruining the jtrospects for a crop. 

Of the three parties in Cuba— Loyalists. Separatists 
THREE PARTIES. ^^^^^ Autonomists— the first comprised tliose of Span- 
ish birtli or Spani.sh patronage— the ofiice-hulding class, and all others 
whose privileges and ijitei'ests were bound up witli -a ((intinuance of the 



CAMPAIGN OF 1895. 21 

existincT res'imo. Tho Soparntists were the party of revolution, of Cuba 
libre, ready to figlit for iu(lei)eudeuce as the only remedy for their 
country's ills. The Cubans in the United States, as well as the 
thousands of other exiles in the lands and islands neighboring Cuba, 
l)elonge(l to this party almost to a man. and so, by racial instinct, did 
the negro population. The Autonomists occupied middle ground, passion, 
ately inveighing against the misgovernment, favoritism and central- 
ization which disgraced the state of things around them, yet limiting 
their demands to home rule under Spain, such as Canada enjoys under 
England. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1895. 



MACEO IN CUBA. 



It was the first of April when Antonio Maceo, with 
twenty-two comrades of the former war, who had 
sailed from Costa Rica, landed near Baracoa, on almost the eastern tip 
of Cuba. Intercepted by a mounted Spanish party, they kept up a brave 
though shifting fight for many hours, and after several of his compan- 
ions had fallen and his hat been shot through, Maceo managed to 
elude his pursuers and get away. For ten days he continued his 
stealthy progress westward through the woods, living on the plantains 
and other tropical fruits that grow wild in Cuba. At length, in the 
rough country north of Bahia de Guantanamo, he stumbled upon a body, 
of rebels, and identifying himself, was welcomed with rapturous enthu- 
siasm. His was indeed a name to conjure with, because of his famous 
deeds in the last w^ar and his unquenchable devotion to Cuba libre. 
At once he took command of the insurgent bands in the vicinity, and 
began recruiting vigorously. In three sharp brushes that he pi'esently 
had with small Spanish detachments he more than held his own, the 
moral effect of which was especially valuable. Since 187S the mulatto 
chieftain liad become a traveled and for all practical purposes an 
educated man. The art of war he had made .a. close study, out of books 
and in every other way he could find. That he served at one time in 
capacity of hostler at West Point is a myth. His only surviving brother, 
Jose, who had come over from Costa Rica with him, was also given a 
generalship, and fell during the war, a number of months before Maceo 
was so treacherously betrayed and slain. 

On the eleventh of April Maximo Gomez and 
ARRIVAL OF GOMEZ, j^^^ j^j.^^.^. ^Qg^t^jg^. succeeded in crossing over 

from Santo Domingo, and landing on the southern coast. The district 
w-as alive with the enemy's patrols and pickets, so that for two days 
they were in constant danger: but ere the third evening they were 
safe within a rebel camp, and Gomez had entered upon his duties 
as commander-in-chief. Experienc(>d leadership, their great lack 
at first, the rebels now had. Soon they numbered over six thousand 
men. 



22 CUBA AND SrANISII-AMERICAN WAR. 

:M;iili and Gomez, liaviugj marched toward the 
DEATH OF MARTI, (^.^,,..,l pn)Yiuces, inteut on arraugiug for a Con- 
st it ueiif Assembly, as well as organizing insurrection, the former, on 
May IDth, was led into an ambusli by a treacherous guide, and killed. 
Marti was the father, and thus far liad been the soul, of the revolution, 
Ilis body, after being embalmed, was borne to the city of Santiago, 
where it was buried by the Spanish commandant. It is said that 
he and his associates of the Junta had raised a million dollars for the 
promotion of the cause of the rtvobitiouists. 

The few battalions of I'ecruits who had hur- 
GOVERNOR.GENERAL ^.j^^j ^j.^^^, ^^fu'^u at the first call of Calleja 
CAMPOS ^^^,y^^ jjgj likewise got 7,000 troops from the 
other Spanlsli island of Torto Eico) were followed, in April, by no less 
than 2."».0()() men. On the sixteenth of that mouth Field-Marshal Campos, 
to the joy of the Spaniards, reached the port of Santiago de ('uba, on 
his way to Havana, relieving Calleja as governor-general. lie took hold 
with energy. But his task grew daily, the contagion of revolt contin- 
uing to spread westward, and, in spite of very inadequate supplies of 
arms and ammunition, to gather military strength. Calleja had weeks 
l)efore proclaimed the whole island under martial law. By May the 
Havana officials conceded they were coping not Avith mere brigandage, 
but with revolution. Sharp lighting at outlying points, though never 
be.Aveen large nund)ers— heavy skirmishing— had now groAvn common. 
No longer were the Spaniards trying to ferret out a despised enemy 
in his hiding-places; for the rainy season, with its added discomforts 
and increased peril to life, was now on. and at best that kind of work 
was wearing and fruitless. All through the war the insurgents, secure 
in tlic good-will of the masses, enjoyed the great advantage of being 
kept fully informed of every move the government troops made; so 
now tlic rebels always contrived to give the Spaniards the slip, or on 
occasions to attack their columns from ambush. 

The aim of Cajupos was to divide tlie island into 
TACTICS OF THE zones by a series of strongly guarded military 

CAMPAIGN, jjjj^.j^ running north and south, and to move his 
successively consolidated forces toward the sunrise, and finally crowd 
the Cubans off the eastern end of the island. As it turned out, how- 
ever, it was Gomez and Maceo who fiddled and (-ampos who danced. 
The governor-general had to keep shifting his drooping and water-soaked 
regiments from point to point, to meet threatened attacks or to protect 
this district or that from ruinous rebel incursions, and could not solidify 
even the t\vo trochas he did b»>gin. 

Gomez adapted means to ends. Pitched battles and n>gular sieges 
were, with his limit«'d resources, out of the (iuesti<ui. The armies of 
oppression could not be crushed, but they might be liarassed and their 
convovs cut ofT, might be worn out in a life of alarms and hard work, 



CAMPAIGN OF 1895, 23 

might be picked off in detail— aud yellow fever would do the rest. 
His hardened uative soldiers, especially the negroes, would thrive and 
keep iu lightiDg trim under hardships and exposure no European 
soldier could possibly undergo and live. 

By the fourth week of May the rebel armies 

CAMPOS OUTMATCHED. numbered over 1U,UU0 men, of whom nearlj 
three fourths were armed with good rifles. The Spanish war expenses 
in three months had been ii;iO,000,000, and their death-roll 190 officers 
and 4,840 men. Early iu June Gomez put his plans iuto execution for 
the invasion of Puerto Principe, and brushing aside the attenuated 
opposition in his way, Avas soon in the heart of his old campaiguing- 
ground in the 70's, with thousands flocking to his standard. Three 
weeks later Maceo, still in Santiago province, concentrated his forces 
in the Holguin district, moved southwestward, and demonstrated 
heavily against Bayamo, capturing train-load after train-load of pro- 
visions that were started for that place. 

Campos put himself at the head of 1,500 men, 

BATTLE OF BAYAMO. ^j^j^ General Santocildes next in command, and 
marched to the relief of the starving garrison. July 13th, several miles 
before reaching Bayamo, he was attacked by 2,700 rebels led by Maceo, 
and with his entire staff narrowly escaped capture. Only the 
heroism of Santocildes averted this catastrophe, at the cost of his own 
life For hours the Spaniards, with admirable steadiness, fought their 
assailants on four sides, being surrounded, but finally broke through, 
and made good their escape to Bayamo, the rear-guard with difficulty 
covering their retreat. They had been saved by Maceo's lack of artil- 
lery. The Spanish loss in killed was seven officers and 119 men; that 
of the Cubans was nearly as great. But Maceo, by a rapid flank 
movement and a tremendous assault upon the enemy's rear, had cap- 
tured the ammunition train— a prize indeed. Campos did not dare to stir 
from Bayamo for several days, or until strong reinforcements had 
reached him. By this time Maceo had brought about the concentration 
of 10,000 of the euemy. He then withdrew. 

«;PANKH IO<;<;f<; ^'^ '^^^^'^^' '^"S"*^* ^^^^" Spanish losses by death had 
bFAM:)n LUi>5>tb. i-^.a^.^ipj 20,000 men; by September 1st their expen- 
ditures to ,1^21,300,000. The Madrid government, after already realizing 
$48,000,000 from the sale, at 40 per cent, of $120,000,000 worth of Cuban 
bonds of the series of 1890, in October negotiated a $14,000,000 loan 
with some Paris and Dutch bankers. 

AUTUMN CAMPAIGN. ''''!'T" ''t^ ""''f^*' T 'T'"^ ^' 7"^";^^"^""^ 
pouits on the railroads and along the trochas, 

while the commercial seaports, besides being strongly garrisoned, were 
under the sheltering guns of the Spanish war-ships. The heavy rein- 
forcements dispatched from Spain iu August, unlike the earlier ones, 
were mainly veterans, the flower of the Spanish army. 



24 CUBA AND SPANISII-AMEKICxVN WAR. 

Soptciiibcr fouud uot ouly a(t,()(K) rebels iu the Held, but their number 
iucreasinj;- faster tlinu ever. Aud now be!,'au their destruetlve aud 
dreaded work of dyuauiitiuj; traius, bridj^es, etc., teariuj? up tracks' aud 
cuUiiij? telef^raph Hues, as also their more systematic levies of "coutri- 
butions" upou the plauters. aud of taxes upou food suitplies for the 
cities. More tiyhtiug, too, but always of the partisan kind; for unless 
two or three times the strouger, uo iusuryeut force would either attack 
or wait to be attacked. They knew every foot of srouud; all the 
ueyroes aud three fourths of the whites formed a spy service for 
them; and when it came to marchinj?, the imported rejiulars were 
uowhere. They worried aud stuug the Spanish columns and outposts 
perpetually, always makiug off before au effective blow could be dealt 
iu returu. When their ammunition ran low, they would swoop down 
upon some exposed party of the enemy and replenish from the pris- 
oners' cart ridge-boxes. 
r.c-r.oc.ic..,-r Octobcr saw 2r).000 government li-oops iu tlie prov- 

/^c /~»..,^^t' ^^^'^' ^^ Santa Clara alone. Rut in spite of them 
OF CAMPOS. ., Ill- , , • w • . c. , 

(joiuez rushed his columns by night over into Santa 

Clara. The combat of November IDth and 2()tli. at Taguasco. in tliat 
province, was the severest encounter of the year, (Jomez gaining a 
decided advantage over Valdes, one of the Spanisli brigadiers. Before 
th'.^ eiul of 1895 Campos' campaign was an admitted failure'. Under a 
heavy tire of criticism from tlie ultra-Spauisli Ilavanese because he 
would not depart from tlie humane and cousiderati' policy he had all 
along i»ursued. the once-lauded "I'acilicator of Cuba" at the new year 
iV'turned to Spain. Both sides now had iu the lielil three limes as 
many men as iu the ten years' war, tlu' goveniiiieiit altout ^iin.ooo 
nicii. couiiliiig CO.OOO volunteers— liDiiic guards aiid I lie loosely organ- 
ized and wonderfully mol)ile insurgent aniiies rui.tJUt) to Go.UUO. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1896. 

Less l)lood and more fire gives the second 
vear's caiiipaimi iu an eiiigram. Tlie Cuban 
ORASS.OROWN FIELDS. ,,,^„i,.,., j„ i„,.eniber. ISi.n. had annoum-ed 

that tJirir next move would lie to stuji producli(m and commerce, and 
llius (Irinive tlie Spanisli i-rowii of war revenues ;ni(I supplies. Thu.s, 
too. llie situation Avoiild jieroiiie so iiitoleraltle that Loyalist and 
Autonomist wmild cease opi»osiiig iiMleiieiidenee. fiir they would see 
it was the only alteriiative to aii.-iicliy and ruin. So Coiuez again 
took up his line of marcli westward to the conrmes of Santa Clara, 
and across Matair/.as, and into tlie jiroviiice of tlie capital; wliich. as 
coiii|iIele(l ]iy .Ma<eo's lodgment ill I'iiiar (h'l IJio, made a march of 
triuiiipli for the Ciilians of liie wliole length of tlicir country, or ipiite 
as far as from rittsburg to St. Louis, (Jomez had got hold of a few 



THE TORCH AND 



CAMPAIGN OF 1896. 25 

pieces of artillery, and the thunder of his guns at almost the back 
door of Havana Avas the greeting he gave the new governor-general, 
Valeriano Weyler, who arrived early in February. His march had 
lain through the cultivated, rich sugar districts, and these he left a 
smoking desolation. Then Maceo, like a thunderbolt, burst into Pinar 
del Rio, where he did a corresponding work, though not the same one. 
in the tobacco regions; and in Pinar del Rio he staid, in spite of all 
efforts to capture him or starve him out. 

Troclia simply means a military line of fortified posts, 

THE TROCHAS. ^^,^^, together, designed to bar an enemy's passage 
beyond. The Spaniards always placed great reliance on their trochas 
as a means of cooping up the enemy, and, as it were, strangling 
rebellion to death. Yet Gomez in the ten years' war crossed and 
recrossed them several times, once bringing his wife with him. Those 
which Campos established in 1895 soon had to be abandoned as useless. 
His last was along the line of railroad running from Havana to Bat- 
abano, on the south coast, a distance of twenty-eight miles; and, in 
addition to the usual forts, hundreds of freight-cars were covered 
with boiler-iron, their sides perforated with openings for the rifles of 
his soldiery, and some of these wei'e kept moving up and down the 
line day and night. On the evening of January 4, 1896, Gomez and 
Maceo crossed this trocha without firing a shot, but tore up three 
miles of railroad track, "just to let the Spaniards know we noticed 
their toy," Gomez remarked. 

In 1S96 Weyler threw two trochas across the 

WEYLER'S TROCHAS. i^^.^^,^^ o^p ]„ t^p western part of the province of 

Puerto Principe (see map), from Jucaro to Moron. The western one 
was shorter and stronger than any before it, and at first much the 
most talked of. It extended twenty-three miles from Pto. de Mariel 
on the north to B. Majana on the south, just within the eastern boun- 
dary of Pinar del Rio (see map). Its object was to shut Maceo up in 
the province just named, and make the assurance doubly sure of 
cutting the revolutionary army in two. This trocha consisted princi- 
pally of a barbed-wire fence nearly four feet high; the sentinels being 
posted immediately behind it. Forty yards back of it was a trench 
three feet wide and four feet deep, with a breastwork of palmetto 
logs. Fifty yards still further back were the log houses in which the 
troops were quartered. The number of soldiers required to guard the 
whole line was about 15,000. 

After passing the trocha with a small detachment 
DEATH OF MACEO. ^^ ^j^^ ^j^j^^ ^^ December 4, 1896, Maceo (on his 

way to consult with Gomez) was killed on the seventh; assassinated, 
the Cubans claimed, through the purchased treachery of Dr. Zertucha, 
of his personal staff. His eight brothers had all perished before him 
In the cause of Cuban liberty. General Rius Rivera succeeded him. 



26 CTTBA AXn RPANISn-AMERICAN WAR. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1897- 

The next year, 1897, dawned upon a situation 
SITUATION IN JANUARY. ^^.,^5^.,^ fjj. ^^.^5^ ^.j^„ intensely strained. 

financially, and scarcely less so from the military and diplomatic stand- 
points, with sloom and mourning througliout the patriot ranlcs for 
the death of Maceo, thoufih the Cuban Junta asserted, a few weeks 
later, it had received a quarter of a million dollars in the way of 
increased contributions because of it. "Meanwhile," says a trust- 
worthy account of that period, "in one of the fairest lands on earth the 
misery, the suffering, goes on without mitigation. Thousands are in 
sudden extreme penury, many on the verge of starvation, and from 
one end of the island to the other there is a complete unsettling of 
everything. Weyler, though he has not proved himself the butcher 
he was dubbed beforehand, is harsh and relentless, and some of his 
orders. have worked indescribable hardship and privation to multitudes 
of country people. His forces continue to garrison the seaports, and 
hold certain interior lines along the railroads, including the western 
and- eastern trochas. but the insurgents have their own way in nearly 
all of the eastern two thirds of the island, and are able to raid at will 
over much of the rest" 

The numerical strength of the opposing armies 

THE CUBAN ARMIES. j^j. ^j^jg ^j,,,,. ^y^^^ m,^ greatly changed since the 
close of ISt)."). (See page 24.) Additional reinforcements from Si)ain. 
though reaching Havana frequently, did not much more than replace 
the heavy Spanish losses resulting from exposure and disease. The 
Cuban armies, according to a speech in the United States Congress, 
in 18!M;. aggregated 00.022 men, and of the twenty-four generals in 
the Cuban armies nineteen were whites, three blacks, one a mulatto 
and one an Indian. 

The Senator's figures doubtless exaggerated tlie insiu-gent strength. 
Comparatively few of the fighters on that side could keep in active 
service the year round. Gomez practically had no commissary depart- 
ment. His men came and went, and scattered about to plant and gather 
their rapidly grown crops, much as they pleased; it being sufficient, most 
of the time, that they should keep within call and rally to the main 
camps whenever notified that any considerable movement was on foot. 
iMirmg th(> few long marches which the Cuban armies made they had 
to live, of course, off the country. 

T'l)on Maceo's death Weyler put forth in- 

PAPER PACIFICATIONS. ,.,.,..,^,.,1 efforts to crush out rebellion in 
rinar del Kio. liy means of the western trocha he succeeded in con- 
fining Rivera's scattered bands to that province, and in a series of 
small engagements lu- gained some advantages; but there was a contin- 
uous streau) of wounded and sick soldiers back to Havana. In the 



CAMPAIGN OF 1897. 27 

spring of 1897 Rivera, wounded, was made a prisoner, after which 
event military operations in Pinar del Rio became absolutely unimpor- 
tant. Rivera was released a few months later, and already is well-nij^h 
forgotten. On January 11, 1897, Weyler proclaimed the pacification of 
the three western provinces, those of Havana, Matanzas and Tinar 
del Rio; then made haste to show the hollowness of it all, not only 
by uurelaxed activity in Pinar del Rio, but by a campaign of ruthless 
devastation throughout Matanzas. His further "pacitications." at inter- 
vals during the summer, deceived nobody. As autumn approached, 
the fruitlessuess of his harsh policy aroused strong criticism even in 
Madrid, from the Liberal Party. 

The two eastern provinces, Santiago and Puerto 

AUTUMN CAMPAIGN, prjucipe, were dominated by the insurgents from 
the very first. It cost the Spaniards continued severe effort and many 
lives to retain their hold on the Bayamo district, before giving it up, 
under the exigencies of the war with the United States, April 25, 1898. 
More than once the garrison of that place was reduced to almost 
starvation allowances, by the operations of insurgents to the north, thus 
making them dependent on such supplies as could be brought up the 
Rio Canto (see map) by boat. In January, 1897, a Spanish gunboat 
patrolling that river was blown up by a torpedo operated electrically 
from the woods along the shore. During the greater part of that year 
the more important demonstrations of the insurgents were those made 
by various detachments of the army of General Calixto Garcia, now 
the next in rank to Gomez, and, like him, a veteran of the ten years* 
war; though the heavily guarded and formidably strengthened Jucaro- 
Moron trocha long prevented any junction with the commander-in-chief, 
who was having a watchful, but by no means sanguinary, time in 
Santa Clara province; or, as the Cubans call that region. El Camaguey. 
Strangely confused and meager were the accounts 

CAPTURE OF ^^j military operations in Cuba throughout 1897. The 
LAS TUNAS, insurgents were playing a waiting game. Their most 
striking success was Garcia's capture of the important fortified post 
of Victoria de las Tunas, northwest of Bayamo (see map), on the 
thirtieth of September, after three days' fighting, in which the Spanish 
commander was killed, and the beleaguered garrison had a casualty list 
of forty per cent, the rest surrendering. The Cubans, who also lost 
heavily, owed their victory to Garcia's recent artillery reinforcements- 
two heavy and six rapid-fire guns worked by a little baud of Amer- 
icans. A young Missourian, writing home, declared they captured 
"twenty-one forts, over a thousand rifles, a million rounds of ammuni- 
tion and two Krupp cannon." As Weyler had cabled that Tunas was 
"impregnable," its fall occasioned deep chagrin and severe criticism 
in Madrid; nor did these abate, notwithstanding his early reoccupation 
of the place, tlie rebels having left. 



28 CUBA AND SPANISH- AM ERIC AN WAB. 

RECONCENTRATION HORRORS. 

Not on the prowess of her armies, however, 
DESCRIPTION. 



PRESIDENT McKINLEY'S ^^^^^ ^^ j^^.^. eold-blooded policy of "reeonceu- 



tration," Spain had long since come to place 
her main reliance for subduing the rebellion. The Cuban laboring 
classes, the common country people, all sympathized with the cause of 
Cuba libre; they must be taken in hand, and put where neither they 
nor the food they were accustomed to raise could aid the insurgent 
))auds. In his message to Congress April 11, 1898, President McKiulcy 
said: "The efforts of Spain added to the horrors of the strife a new 
and inhuman phase happily unprecedented in the modern history of 
civilized Christian people. The policy of devastation and concentration, 
inaugurated by Captain-General Pando on October 21, ISlKi, in the 
province of Pinar del Rio, was thence extended to embrace all of the 
island to which the power of the Spanish arms was able to reach by 
military occupation or by military operations. The peasantry, including 
all dwellers in the open agricultural interior, were driven into the 
garrisoned towns or isolated places held by the troops. The raising 
and movement of provisions of all Isinds were interdicted. The fields 
were laid waste, dwellings unroofed or fired, mills destroyed, and, in 
sliort, everything that could desolate the laud and render it unfit for 
human habitation or support was commanded by one or the other of 
the contending parties, and executed by all the powers at their dispo.sal." 
"By the time the present administration took 
STARVATION office, a year ago," continues the President, 

AND SUrrEKlNG. "reconcentratiou, so called, had been made effec- 
tive over the better part of the four central and western provinces, 
Siuita Clara, Matanzas, Havana and Pinar del Rio. The agri<'ultural 
population, to the estimated number of 30().(K)0 or more, was herded 
within the towns and their immediate vicinage, deprived of the means 
of support, rendered destitute of shelter, left poorly clad, and exposed 
to the most unsanitary conditions. 

"As the scarcity of food increased with the devastation of the 
depopulated areas of production, destitution and want became misery 
and starvation. Month by month the (Jeath-rate increased in alarming 
ratio. By March, 1897, according to conservative estimates from ofiicial 
Spanisli sources, the mortality among the reconceutrados from starva- 
tion and tlie diseases thereto incident exceeded fifty per cent of their 
total number. No practical relief was .-iccorded to the destitute. The 
overburdened towns, already suff«'ring from the general (h'arth, could 
give no aid. So-called zones of cultivation that were established within 
the immediate area of effective military control about the cities and 
fortified cami)s proved illusory as a remedy for the suffering. The 
unfortunates, being for the most part women and children, or aged and 



RECONCENTRATION HORRORS 29 

helpless men enfeebled by disease and hunger, could not have tilled 
the soil without tools, seed or shelter, to provide for their own support 
or for the supply of the cities. Reconceutration worked its predestined 
result. As I said in my message of last December, it was not a civ- 
ilized warfare; it was extermination. The only peace it could beget 
was that of the wilderness and the grave." 

Exactly that which had been predicted by the 

CONGRESSIONAL Cuban Junta and the better-informed portion 

VISITING PARTIES. ^^ ^^le American press thus came to pass, only 
in form more horrid still. "But some doubted," and among them were 
United States Senators and Congressmen. A party of these, including 
Senators Proctor of Vermont, Gallinger of New Hampshire, and 
Thurston of Nebraska, experienced a harroAving awakening when they 
visited Cuba early in March, 1898, and with their own eyes beheld the 
hopeless, unspeakable misery of the famishing "reconcentrados;" and 
the subsequent speeches of these three Senators produced a powerful 
effect. The wife of Senator Thurston, who accompanied the Con- 
gressional party, was in delicate health; her sympathetic nature 
received so great a shock from the dreadful scenes the party every- 
where encountered that she died on the trip. 

Under the law^ of nations, had the helpless 

AMERICAN PROTESTS, reconcentrados been fortunate enough to be 
her prisoners of war, Spain must have provided for them; but 
as they were only simple peasantry, and mostly women, chil- 
dren and broken-down old men at that, she could and did take 
steps to starve upward of half a million of them into the grave; and 
it was no person's business in particular to demand the reason why, 
till a few wide-awake AmedcaB newspapers exposed, and kept on 
exposing, the enormities that we^ going on. By May, 1898. not less 
than a quarter of a millio# r^^ncentrados had died of slow starvation 
and disease. Against 4h^s abuse of the rights of war the American 
government repeatedl:^find earnestly .protested. Finally, in October, 
1897, the Spanish jj^evument conceded certain relief measures (see 
foot of page 30), and snlisequently made a great display of others, but 
they were miserafijy inadequate, and did not meet the real situation. 

s^ Hundreds of Americans came within the scope of 

RELIEF MEASUREST reeoncemration. Largely upon the representation? 
of General Fitzhugh Lee, the lion-hearted United States Consul- 
General at Havana, President McKinley. very early in his administra 
tion, requested, and Congress granted, .$.50,000 for their relief, including 
the return to the United States of such of them as desired it. During 
the autumn of 1897 the conviction grew strong that the Red Cross 
Association ought to undertake the mitigation of the terrible suffering 
in Cuba. Clara Barton, president of the American section of that 
noble organization, was still in Armenia, on relief work there. Return- 



30 CUBA AND SPANISn-AMERICAN WAR. 

iug in the winter, she took up the suggested Cuban work simultaneously 
witij indei)endent movements of similar character. The Government 
lent its iutluenoe to the cause. Several scores of tons of food supplies 
were donated by private and public benevolence, chiefly in the West, 
and considerable money was obtained in the East and elsewhere. 
THF PPF«;mFiMT'<; ^ '^^^ exceptional pleasure President McKinley 
mt PKtNUtiNl b doubtless penned the following paragraphs of 
his special message of April 11, 1898: "The 
success which had attended the limited measure of relief extending to 
the suffering American citizens in Cuba, by the judicious exi)euditure, 
through consular agencies, of money appropriated expressly for their 
succor by the joint resolution approved May 24, 1897. prompted the 
humane extension of a similar scheme of aid to the great body of 
sufferers. A suggestion to this end was acquiesced in by the Spanish 
authorities. On the twenty-fourth of December last I caused to be 
issued an appeal to the American people, inviting contributions, in 
money or in kind, for the succor of the starving sufferers in Cuba, 
following this on the eighth of January by a similar public annouuce- 
meut of the formation of a Central Cuban Relief Committee, 
with headquarters in New York City, composed of three members 
representing the American National Red Cross and the religious and 
business elements of the community." 

The message continues: "The efforts of that 
GOOD WORK IN CUBA, .^^^jt^ee have been untiring, and have 
accomplished much. Arrangements for free transportation to- Cuba 
have greatly aided the charitable work. The president of the American 
IJed Cross and representatives of other contributory organizations havi' 
geni'rously visited Cuba, and co-operated with the Consul-Ueneral and 
the local authorities to make effective disposition of the relief collected 
through the efforts of the central committee. Nearly !ji20().(HK) in money 
and su[iplies has already reached the sufferers, and more is forth- 
coming. The supplies are admitted duty free, and transportation to 
the interior has been arranged, so that the relief, at first necessarily con- 
fined to Havana and the larger cities, is now exfeuding through 
most, if not all, of the towns where suffering exists. Thousands of 
lives have already been saved." 

cnAMicM nc. .cir -^'' =' i''>"ut*'i" to the American government's 
SPANISH RELIEF ,,. « .i i- r . .• 

rcvulling expose of the policy of recoucentration. 

ILLUSORY. j,|^, Spanish cabinet, early in April. 1898. voted 

three million i>es»<tas— upward of ."fitJttO.tHK)— for tiie starving reconcen- 

trados. Consul-tJeneral Lee, when (luestioncd by ilic I'orcigii Kelations 

Committee of the Huited Slates ScM.Mte on April IL'. 1N!»S, had this to 

say: "I do not believe JjKiOO.ddd. in sopplifs. will be given to those 

people, and the soldiers left to starve. Tlicy will divide it up here 

iim} there— !i piece taken oil' here, uuU u piece tukeu off tUeie. 1 



ULANOO IN CUBA. 'dl 

do uot belii'vo they have appropriated auythiiii; of the kind. The 
coudltiou of the reconceutrados out in the country is just as bad as in 
General Weyler's day, except as it has been relieved by supplies from 
the United States. 

"General Blanco published a proclamation rescinding General Wey- 
ler's baudo, as they call it there, but it has had no practical effect. 
In the first place, these people have no place to go; the houses have 
been burned doAvn; there is nothing but the bare land there, and it 
would take them two months before they could raise the first crop. 
In the next place, they are afraid to go out from the lines of the 
towns, because tlie roving bands of Spanish guerrillas, as they are 
called, would kill them. So they stick right in the edges of the town, 
just like they did, with nothing to eat except what they can get from 
charity." 

BLANCO IN CUBA. 

The so-called Liberal Party of Spain, under the 
SPANISH POLITICS, leadership of Sagasta (the same who, as prime 
minister, once sent word to President Harrison there was not gold 
enough in the world to buy Cuba) was, to all appearances, gradually 
undermining the Conservative ministry of Canovas, and had become 
outspoken in its condemnation of General Weyler's severe and futile 
measures, when, on August 6, 1897, Canovas was assassinated by an 
obscure anarchistic crank. A few weeks later came the expected 
"ministerial crisis," the outcome of Avhich was a new cabinet, under 
Sagasta, pledged to afford Cuba autonomy— home rule— and at the 
same time to prosecute the war there with increased vigor. 

Early in October Weyler, a Conservative, placed 
RECALL OF WEYLER. ^^jg resignation in the hands of the new min- 
istry, and a few days later was recalled; one reason for this step, 
according to a semi-official account, being "the deplorable condition 
of the sick and wounded soldiers arriving from Cuba." Before sailing 
for Spain Weyler accepted an almost riotous ovation from the volun- 
teers of Havana, the ultra-Spanish element of the city, and responded 
in a speech full of absurd self-glorification. To what extent his twenty 
montlis in Cuba had swelled his private fortune cannot be stated, but 
it is known to have been quite considerable. 

Sagasta was a man of less commanding intellect 
bAOASTA S PLAY. ^^^^^ Canovas, but an adroit politician, and a master- 
hand at the worn-out Spanish game of make-believe and delay. He 
promised the Washington government many nice things, and really did 
try to get the Cubans to accept his scheme of autonomy. But the 
Cuban patriots would have none of it, and, what was no less fatal 
to it, neither would the Spanish out-and-outers, the Weylerites. How- 
ever, some twoscore of American prisoners in Cuba were released. 



32 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

Sonio of tli(HU had beou in prison seventeen mouths, and never brought 
to trial, but the Queen Regent graciously forgave their crimes any- 
how, at President McKinley's request. 

Weyler's successor was not Marslial Campos, as 
BLANCO'S niany had predicted it would be, but General 

ADMINISTRATION. i..i,„„ii Blanco, late governor-general of the 
Philippine Islands, where he had been forced to cope with a determined 
rebellion In politics he was a Liberal, and in traits of personal 
character very different from his predecessor. He reached Havana 
October 31, 1897. He seems to have made an honest effort to carry 
out the milder policy which, under the pressure of American opinion, 
had been decided on at Madrid. Before reaching Cuba he had stated, 
in an interview: "My policy will never include concentration. I fight 
the enemy, not women and children. One of the first things I shall 
do will be to greatly extend the zones of cultivation, and to allow the 
reconcentrados to go out of the towns and till the soil." For the 
difference at this point between promise and fulfillment General Blanco 
must not be held alone to blame. The situation has largely over- 
mastered him throughout. 

The amnesty proclamation which the governor- 
A HOPELESS general issued on the eighth of November fell flat; 
SITUATION, ^jj^ insurgents paid no attention to it. Few were the 
estates, either, on which he was able to start the mills to grinding 
sugar-cane once more. Equally inconclusive were his efforts in the 
field. In its military aspect the war had relapsed into a dogged 
struggle amid the central provinces, and around the garrisoned points 
in the two eastern ones. General Pando. in the east, organized the 
principal expeditions of the winter, and exhausted his ill-rationed col- 
umns in gaining petty victories of no lasting value. One cannot help 
admiring the constancy of the suffering and neglected Spanish soldiery, 
whose pay in April. 18;»8. was nine months in arrears for the men and 
four months for the officers. 

It Avas not without dilficulty that Blanco manned 
FAILURE OF ^j^^,, several posts of government when, in November. 
AUTONOMY, -^gi)-;^ i,e took the first steps toward launching the new 
autonomous administration, on which Sagasta had built such hopes. 
The real leaders of public opinion held aloof. Many of them denounced 
autonomy as a weak concession that endangered the whole fabric of 
Si)anish supremacy. The autonomous oHice-holders— the Colonial gov- 
ernment, as high-sounding cablegrams phrase it— are mere puppets, 
with no influence except as upheld by Spanish b.-iyonets. 

As to tlie Cuban leaders, nothing could be 

CUBAN DETERMINATION. „„,,.^. (.,^.a,..,.nt than their stern avowal, a 

liuiidred times repealed, to consider no proposal along the lines of home 

ruh' under Spanish domination. "Independence or death!" has been 



THE CUBAN REPUBLIC. 33 

their impassioned cry at every step. That it must be Independence or 
nothing, should they have a voice in the settlement, presented diplo- 
macy with a knotty and singularly unwelcome problem. And yet whose 
right to a voice in the settlement had been better earned? With a 
terrible emphasis Gomez issued his warning, even before Blanco had 
ensconced himself in the palace at Havana, that any person attempting 
to bring offers of autonomy to his camps would be seized as a spy and 
shot; and in one case at least the summary order was carried out. 

THE CUBAN REPUBLIC. 

Marti's death (see page 22) delayed the civil 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT organization of the revolutionists, but on Sep- 
ORGANIZED. (^jyi^gj. 13^ 1395^ their first Constituent Assem- 
bly met at Uamaguey, with twenty members representing all six 
provinces. It declared Cuba independent, and adopted a constitution 
for the new government, whose supreme power was vested in a Gov- 
ernment Council, to be composed of the president of the Republic, the 
vice-president and four secretaries— war, interior, foreign affairs and 
agriculture— with a sub-treasui-y for each of these four departments. 

It next elected and installed the officers of government. Salvador 
Gisneros Betancourt, chosen president, was the ex-Marquis of Santa 
Lucia, who formally renounced his title of nobility when he joined the 
revolution in 1868, and lost his estates by confiscation. Bartolome 
Masso, of Manzanillo, was elected vice-president, and Dr. Thomas 
Estrada Palma, minister plenipotentiary an.d diplomatic agent abroad, 
with headquarters in the United States. Gomez was confirmed as 
general-in-chief of the army, and Maceo as second in, command. 

Senor Gonzales de Quesada, charge d'affaires of the 
QUESADA'S Cuban Republic at Washington, is a graduate of the 

STATEMENTS. University of New Yorls, and in training thoroughly 
American. In a recent statement he said: "The civil authorities of the 
Republic have continued to exercise their functions throughout the 
territory controlled by the Republic of Cuba, which is about three 
fourths of the island. There is a civil governor in every province, 
who has his subordinates and employees. The provinces are divided into 
prefectures, under the supervision of the secretary of the interior. 
The duties of the prefects are various and are subject to special laws. 
That these prefectures are in working operation the official telegrams 
of the Spanish press afford innumerable proof. Documents on file 
before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations prove that the civil 
government legislated as to commerce, government workshops, man- 
ufactories, coast inspectors, post-offices; that stamps have been issued, 
public schools established, civil marriages provided for; that the public 
treasury is well organized, taxes being ooUected, and amounting to 



84 CUBA AND SPANISH- AMERICAN WAR, 

huudrods of thousands of dollars; aud that President Cisneros and, 
afterward. President Masso have issued state papers." 

The second Constituent Assembly, which met at 
MASSO S ^jjg gjjjj Qf ^jjg constitutional two years, num- 

ADMINIST^ATION. ^jered twenty-four members, elected by ballot 
on the basis of universal suffrage. It sat during October aud November, 
181)7, Dr. Domingo Meudez Capote, ex-professor of law in Havana 
University, presiding. Says Quesada: "The outgoing secretaries of 
slate submitted tlieir reports, wliich were examined and passed upon 
by committees appointed for the purpose. A new constitution was 
adopted on October 29, 1897, Avhich will be in force two years, unless 
independence is obtained before, when an Assembly is to be called to 
provide temporarily for the government and administration of the 
Republic until a definite Constituent Assembly shall meet. The con- 
stitution determines what is called the Kopublie, who are citizens, 
their individual and political rights, the officers of the government, 
their power, and provides for the assembling of the representatives." 
For the new term of two years the Assembly chose former Vice- 
president Bartolome Masso to be president; Dr. Capote, mentioned 
above, vice-president, aud Jose B. Alemen, secretary of war. By the 
constitution the latter otticial is "the superior chief in rank of the 
Army of Liberty." 

Early In tlie revolution tlie ('ubaii capital was set 
A PORTABLE jjjj .^ cubitas, whlcli is among the "mountains" of 
CAPITAL, ^jj.^ f,.j,ii(j north of the city of Puerto I'rincipe (see 
map). It has been quite itinerant. In .January. 1898.. wlieu it liap- 
pi'ued to be at the village of Espanza, in tlie Cubitas region, it was 
raidi'd liy a heavy Spanish column and captured, "after a stubboru 
resistance, which gave the rebel otficials time to escape.". 

Cousul-deiieral Lee told the Foreign Relations Committee of the 
IMiited States Senate: "I have never thought that the insurgents had 
anytliing except the skeleton form of a government— a movable capital, 
1 asked one day why they did not have some permanent capital, aud 1 
Ihiuk tliey gave a very gtK)d reason. It would retjuire a large force 
to i»rotect it and defend it. and they could not afford to mass up their 
men there; so tlie capital and the government otiices liad to move where 
Un'y would bi' the safest. 

"Whatever may be said about old (Jeueral 
HOW THE CUBAN (jomez." continued (General Lee, "he is. in my 

ARMIES SUBSISTED, i,,,,,,,,^. „pi„i,„i. .fighting the war in the only 
way it can be fought scattering his troops out: because to concentrate 
would be to starve, having no coiiunissary train and no way to get 
supi)lit's. They come in sometimes for the purpo.se of making some 
little raid, wlu-re he thinks it will do something: but he has given orders, 
so I have always ln-en informed, not to light iu masses, not to lose 



STRAlNEt) biPLuMACY. 35 

their eartrltlges; and sometimes when he gets into a fight each man 
is ordered to fire not more than two cartridges. The way the iflsiirgents 
do is this: They have little patches of sweet potatoes— everything 
grows there very abundantly in- a short time— and Irish potatoes and 
fruits. They drive their pigs and cattle into the valleys and hillsides, 
and they use those and scatter out. The insurgents plant crops in 
many parts of the island." 

STRAINED DIPLOMACY. 

AMERICAN PRESSURE. ""T'''^' T"T"^/7T^ ^'''" '''.^"'f 
"^ offices m April. 1896, but they were refused. 

President McKinley's offers were met less bluntly, but Sagasta was 
most carefiri to avoid even a tacit consent to mediation. While he 
sought to quiet the Washington government with promises and partial 
reforms in Cuba, the Spanish war office continued putting forth efforts 
such as for a nation literally bankrupt were surprising, to create a 
navy overmatching the United States upon the ocean. The growing 
strength of public opinion in this country was irresistibly impelling the 
Washington government to a policy of moral coercion, notwithstanding 
the gratifying release of American prisoners, the supersedure of Weyler, 
and the unfailing suavity of General Stewart L. Woodford, the Amer- 
ican minister at Madrid since July, 1897. The American people had 
virtually lost faith in Spain, and, because of her incapacity and cruelty 
in Cuba, were fast losing all patience. Official circles, too, showed 
unmistakable irritation over Spain's pretense that the Cuban war had 
been so prolonged mainly on account of American failure to enforce 
neutrality, the facts being this country had already expended $2,000,000 
in Spain's interest in doing just that thing, and had stopped vastly 
more Cuban expeditions than Spanish gunboats had intercepted. 

THE n ir»un icT-rcr. Spain's accomplished representative at Wash- 
TUt DcLOME LETTER. . , „ ^ ^, . ^ 

mgton was Senor Don Enrique DeLome, who 

had been there for years. A confidential letter that he had written to 
Senor Canalejas, whom Sagasta had sent over early in the winter to 
quietly investigate the Washington situation, was stolen from the mail 
by a Cuban sympathizer in Havana post-office, and sent to the Cuban 
Junta at New York, by whom carefully photographed copies were made 
public early in February, 1898. In this letter the Spanish minister 
abused President McKinley as a "low politician," fatally uncovered the 
duplicity of his own part in pending negotiations, and distinctly admitted 
the precariousness of Spain's hold on Cuba. It was impossible, of 
course, for him to remain at Washington. He cabled his resignation, 
and it had already been accepted before Minister Woodford went to 
Sagasta with a "representation." His successor, in March, was Senor 
Polo, whose father had held the same post many years before. 



36 CUBA AND SPANIBII-AMERTCAN WAR. 

At forty minutes past nine on Tuesday night, 
THE MAINE HORROR, j.^^.j^.i^.^i-y 15, is'JS, tht' United States battleship 
Maine, Captain Cliarles I). Sigsbee conuuaudiug, wliich had been lying 
quietly at anchor in Havana harbor since the evening of January 
twenty -fifth, was destroyed by an explosion. Two officers and not less 
than two hundred and sixty of her crew perished, most of them ground 
to pieces amid the steel partitions and decks, the others penned by 
the tangle of wreckage and drowned by the immediate sinking of the 
wreck. The news caused intense excitement throughout the United 
States, more especially because treachery was suspected. The Maine 
was one of the finest (though not largest) ships in the uavy, representing, 
together with her armament and stores, an expenditure approximating 
five millions of dollars. Seldom, if ever, was there a finer example of 
self-control on the part of a great people, as for several weeks the 
United States stood awaiting the official determination of the cause 
of this appalling calamity. 

The government at once organized a naval court 
OFFICIAL FINDINGS. ^^ inquiry, composed of experienced officers of 
high rank, who, in their continuous labor of twenty-three days, were 
aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, besides experts. They 
made a thorough investigation on the spot, sifting and weighing every 
item of evidence that could be adduced. The type-written testimony 
made a bundle of twelve thousand pages, weighing about thirty iwunds. 
The unanimous finding of the court, dated March 21, 1898 (as sum- 
marized in President McKinley's message of the twenty-eighth of 
March), was: "That the loss of the Maine was not in any respect due 
to fault or negligence on the jiart of any of the officers or members of 
her crew; that the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine 
mine, which caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward 
magazines; and that no evidence has been obtainable fixing the respon- 
sibility for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or pi'rsons." 

"The crime or the criminal negligence of the Spanish otticials." 
were essentially the terms in which Congress put the ease two weeks 
later, and in this Congress voiced the conviction of the American people. 

AMERICAN WAR PREPARATIONS. 

Preparations comporting with possible hostilities 
PRECAUTIONARY ]n-,^-Mx to be made in both the army and navy 

ACTIVITIES. di>partnients in .Tanuary. 1898. and from the dale 
of the Maine horror were pushed with great energy. The strengthening 
of coast fortifications and the accumulation and distribution of war 
material, with recruiting for all branches of service, and arrangements 
for mobilizing not only the regular army, but the National <}uard of 
the several states, went on apace. There was especial urgency in 



AMEBICAN WAR PREPARATIONS. 37 

Strengthening the navy. At government and at contractors' shipyards 
work was pushed day and night. A naval officer was hurried to Europe 
to buy up every suitable warship on the market, and other ships were 
bought in our own ports. In Europe were also purchased hundreds of 
the smaller cannon and perhaps a thousand tons of ammunition. Old 
monitors and other discarded craft were overhauled and put in con- 
dition for coast defense. A fleet of auxiliary cruisers, and another of 
patrol-ships, began to be organized. The purchase and conversion of 
merchant vessels soon counted up into the millions. 

On the ninth of March Congress, at the President's request, unan- 
imously voted $50,000,000 as an emergency fund for the national 
defense. A few days later it passed a bill adding two regiments of 
artillery to the regular army; these were sorely needed to man the 
heavy defensive guns along the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards. 

Hid of DeLome's presence, the President magnan- 
CONGRESS AND jmouslv ignored the DeLome letter. His whole 

THF DFODI F * "^ 

. nature shrinking from the responsibility of a blootly 
war, he even forebore making the Maine tragedy the occasion for more 
than a "pepresentation" to the court of Madrid. But Congress, reflect- 
ing the overwhelming sentiment of the nation, was by this time ablaze 
with indignation and warlike enthusiasm. Herculean were the efforts 
of the President to control the storm in the interests of peace, through 
delay. Public opinion grew imperative. It insisted on definite action. 
The President's message transmitting the Maine findings was sent 
to Congress on the twenty-eighth of March. His yet more memorable 
message of the eleventh of April had been withheld nearly or quite a 
week, to give time for American residents in Cuba to leave there, and 
with a lingering hope the situation might yet. in some way, take a 
pacific turn. In that message the President handed the whole matter 
over to Congress, and asked for its decision. 

iniiMT RF<;oiiiTlON ^^^^^' ^*^^^'^'^^ *^^>'^ ^^ impassioned debate, and 

KbSULUllUlN ^ prolonged disagreement between the Senate 

and House of Representatives over the side 

question of recognizing the existing Republic in Cuba, the action of 

Congress was given to the world, April 19, 1898, in the following joint 

resolution, which was approved by the President the following day: 

Joint l^csolution— For the recognition of the independence of the 
people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain relinquish 
its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and withdraw 
its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing 
the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of 
the United States to carry these resolutions into effect. 

Whereas, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more 
than three years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have 
shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been 



,'58 CUUA AM) Sl'ANlslt-AMKI'.U AN WAli. 

ii (lisjrnicc to t'liHstinn civiliz.-itidii. ciiliiiiiiMtiii;:-, :is llicy liavc, in the 
(Icsrrilclioii of (1 liiilcd Sliitcs l);it I Icsliip. with two luiiidrcd :iinl sixty- 
six (if its otHct'i-s and ci-cw. w liilc on a friendly visit in tlio iiarbor of 
Havana, and cannot lon.mT lie cndnrcd, as has been scl forili l»y the 
rrt'sidi'Ut of the United Slates in liis niessajie to Congress of Ainii 11, 
ISDS. upon whieh th;' action of ("oiiurcss was invited: therefore. 

Jiesolved^liy tlie Senate and Ilonse of Uepresent.-it ives of tlie Tnited 
Stales of America in Con.uress assembled. 

1. That the people of the island of ('iib;i are. an<l of a riiilil on.nlit to 
be. free and independent. 

'2. That it is the dnty of the 1 iiited States to demand, and the 
(Jovernment of the I'nited Statis does hereby demand, that the (Jovern- 
ment of Spain at once relin<iuisli its authority and j;(>vernment in the 
island of Cuba and witlidr.iw its land and naval forces from Cuba 
and Cuban waters. 

:;. Tiiat the I'resident of the I'lnted States be, and lie hereby is. 
direcled and empowered to use the entire land and naval foi-ces of the 
Cniled St.-itcs. and to call into the actual service of the Cniled States 
the militia of the sevei'al states to such an extent as may be necessary 
to carry these resolutions into effect. 

4. That the I'nited States hereby disclaims any disposition or inten- 
tion to exercise sovereijiiity. jurisdiction or control over said island 
except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when 
thai is .iccomplished, to leave the liovc'rument and eoidrol of the island 
to its ])eople. 

OPENING OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

Consid-Ceneral Lee. almost the last of the Cniled 
INITIAL STEPS, v^,.,,,.^ oflicials in Cuba, left Havana on .\pril Itlh. 
Senor I'olo. the Spanish ministei-. re(inested passixirts. and left Wash- 
in.i,Mon on the libth.and thirly-two hours later .Minister Woodfoi-d retired 
from .M.-idrid. The concentration of the Cnited Slates re.uular army 
;il dilTei'cnt ixiiiils on or ne;ir i he (iiilf of Mexico was by this time 
in ;:cnerai pro-ress. On Ainil I'.ltli Conufess i)asse(l a bill declarin;r the 
existence of war with Sp;iin. d;ilim; from the "Jlst. 

On April L':'.d I'resideid McKinley issued a call for 
RAISING TROOPS. ^._,-,„,,, ,^vo-ye:ir volunteers, under .-nithority of an 
net of Coiiiiress i»assed the day pi-evious. The second call lioi-e dale 
May '-'."illi. and was for T.").(tit(i men. .\ddiiiL: to these calls leu re;:imenls 
of "inunnues." with certain oilier vidnnteers specially ;uitiiorized by 
Conjrress. also ihe (il.dOd reirulars .icinally in service or in process of 
recruit in.u'. the milii:iry forces of the country shortly .-m.-iined a nom- 
inal strenirlh of 1277.ri(i(l. Consider.ible additions were also made to the 
uaviil slren;:tli, ('sjiecially for iialml service ;ilon,i: the .\llantic seiiboard. 



WAR FINANCIEKING. 39 

Tilt' llousi- of l{('i)re!>t"Utativos hurriedly pnssed 
WAR FINANCIERING. ^ ^ .,j ^,^^. ^^.^.^^^ ^^,^„. ,,,.,^,,,,,, ,,, early as April 

2'.»tli, but the 8euate was so deliberate aud the disagreenieuts so 
marked that a law for that purpose was uot euaeted uutil June 10th. 
It authorized the ^eeretary of the Treasury to issue oertilicates of 
indebtedut'ss, to au amount uot exceeding $10U,0O0.UUU outstanding at 
any one time, aud $40(),00(l.tK)() in bonds, the former as well as the 
latter to draw three per cent interest; directed the coinage of silver 
from the bullion stored in thegovernment vaults at the rate of .Hil,500.(X>0 
a month, and imposed direct taxes, including stamp duties, estimated 
to produce a revenue of from $150,000,000 to upward of $200,000,000 
per annum. The government immediately placed $200,000,000 of bonds 
on the market in the form of a "popular loan" at par. with the result 
that by .July loth the amount had been subscribed more than four 
times over. Ninety millions were allotted to bidders for ."foOO or less. 

On May 11th four boats' crews of Americans 
CUTTING CABLES. ^.,j„,.^„.^>j{ .^^ the entrance of Cienfuegos harbor, 
Cuba, in cutting the submarine telegraph between Havana and San- 
tiago, were tired up(»n from the shore and one man killed and six 
wounded. The tire was vigorously returned by the lilockadiug vessels 
Marblehead and Nashville, and converted revenue tutter Wiudom, 
and the cable-cutting completed. It was not until the si-cond week of 
.Tuly. however, that the utmost efforts of the Americans succeeded 
in cutting the last remaining cable between Cuba aud the Old World, 
thus isolating General Blanco at Havana. The cable from Ilavami 
to Key ^^'est and New York has uot been interfered with by either side. 
In four weeks, ending .June 12th. the Subsistence 
■ Department loaded twelve solid miles of freight-cars 
with provisions for the United States armies, being a total of .'32.180 
tons— in all 10,123,(54.5 rations (the ration representing a soldier's food 
allowance for one day). Results equally striking were secured in the 
Ordnance and Quart ermastor's Departments. 

THE CUBAN BLOCKADE. 

The tirst aggressive step of the war was the 

INSTITUTING l)locka<l(' proclaimed by President McKinley on 

I nt dHJI^IxAUi:. . , , , 

April 22(1, coveruig tlic nortli cojist ot Cuba west- 
ward from Cardenas to Kahia Honda, a distancf of alxiut one hundred 
and twenty miles, witli Havana a little west of tlie central point aud 
also including the ]ioi-t of Cienfuegos, on the south cojist. To enforce it 
the North .Vtlantic siiuadroii, Caiit:iin (now rear ;idniii';il) W. T. Samp- 
son commanding. sailtMl for Key A\'csi llie same (hiy, capturing the 
tirst prize within two hours, the Spanish mei'chantnian Huena Ventura, 



40 CUBA AND SPANISU-AMERICAN AVAR, 

l;i(l('ii Willi Tcx.'is luinhcr. Kigbt additioual prizes were taken witliiii 
the next two (lays: at tlic end of one week this nninber had more than 
doubled, to the a.L;,i;re.natf value of upward of ,$3,0(M ),(»<)( ). 

Ai)out .May 1st Commodore .John C A\'atsou was 
EXTENDING , • , i ., ... e t ■ ., ,, , , , 

THE BLOCKADE ''"^^'.-'"''l •'"" duty of entoremj; the Havana block- 
ade. JH'avy work havini;- l)een cut out for Acting 
Admiral Sampson in other wjilers, but in the course of a month he was 
in turn i-elieved by Commodore John A. Flowell, in preparation for his 
assijiiiment to the p]astern squadron, which was about to be or.uani7.ed 
for a descent on the Spanish coast. Despite a few lapses, the blockade 
of Havana and the other north coast iwrts was well maintained. lint 
on the southern coast were many ports, mostly small ones, still open 
to receive whatever supplies from ^Mexico, .Tamaica and Yucatan 
could be slipix'd in. To cut olT this supply source. President McKinley. 
on .June I'Sth, proclaimed an extension of the blockade to ;ill the ports 
on the south coast of Cul>a from Cape Frances e;istw;ird to C.-ipe 
Cruz inclusive (see inaj)!. an<l also of San .Iu:in In Porto Kico. 

_ On the nliiiit of April l'.")lh two small Spanish steamers. 

creei)ln,i;' alon.y the coast. sli]iped into Havana, and on the 
I'fiili the L-ir.ue Spanish mall sicnniei- Montsei-ral. lirinsin.^- .$800.00(1 in 
sllvci- :iiid elfihteen larjLje .sjuns. ;iiid which h;id doiililcd b.-ok from near 
Havana, safely landed 1.000 Spanish troops and her valuable car^o at 
SantiaiLro. May 0th the French steamer Lafayette was captured as a 
blockade runner, but was immediately released by the .government. 

'I'he tirst bombardment of shore batteri(>s. Avhich soon becanu' so 
coiiinion ;in event, was made Ai>rll L'Ttli otf Matan/.as. Iiy the cruisers 
New York iS;inips(ui's ll;i,i;-shlpi and Cincinnati, .and the monitor 
I'nril;in. May lltli a nnniatnre cu-aucniciit In C;ii-denas harbor 
i-esulted in t he disablement of the Cnlted Sl.-itcs Inrpcdo-boat AVInslow. 
the death of Fuslixn l^audey .-iiid four men and the woiindluL: of others. 

ORGANIZING THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST. 

'111.- Philippines lie southeast of the continent 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. ^,,. ^^. , .,, ., ,,j^.,.,.^ ,„„. ,„,,^.,.,.„ „„,,„„ ,„„ 

the Island of I'ornio^a. on the Clilncse coast, some l.'Joo miles from the 
former, but c((niln,i; witliln •Joo miles of the latter. Their nearest n«'i.i.'h- 

l)or Is the isl.-nid of P.ori on the southwest: the island of .New CJuinea 

li-s further off to the southeast. Stret.'hlni: almost :i thousand miles 
from north to south, the Philippines re.'ich lo within :i.".0 miles of the 
eipialor. .-nid are thus in the s.ime latitude as Central .\meric.i. More 
inii;ortant than all ilie resi juit lo-clher. the isl.-md of I.u/.on. In the 
north, is believed to be l;iru:er tlian the st.-ite of Ohio, and to ciuitain 
at least foiu- unllion bdiabilants. The next in size is Mind.inao. in the 
south, with ;i few Sp.misli villai:es on the coast, but otherwise little 



ORGANIZING THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST. 41 

known. While the Philippines number altogether some 1,200 islands, 
less than half are said to admit of permanent habitation, and only 
a dozen are of any considerable size. Their land area more than 
equals that •€ Ohio, Indiana and Illinois combined, and the larger 
islands, especially Luzon, though for the most part hilly or even 
mountainous, are very fertile. The archipelago was named after Philip 
II., the oppressor of Holland and the husband of England's bloody 
Queen Mary, and for three and one third centuries it remained almost 
uninterruptedly under the rule of Spain, in spite of whose bad govern- 
ment it latterly became a valuable source of revenue to the crown, 
and of enrichment to the haughty and grasping Spanish officials. 

Estimates of the population vary from 7,000,000 to 

POPULATION. 15 000,000, composed principally of various Malay tribes, 
with very few of the aboriginal negritos (Oriental dwarfish negroes) 
still remaining. There is a considerable infusion of mixed blood, and of 
late years the Chinese, in spite of all restrictions, have become quite 
numerous in Luzon and neighboring islands. Outside of the army 
the pure Spaniards in the Philippines number less than 10,000. 

The native-born of Spanish descent are much more 
' numerous than the peninsulars, and, as in Cuba, this is 
the class which has repeatedly flamed into in.surrection. Their leader in 
1897-98 was the well-educated Aguinaldo, and they have the general 
support of the native tribes, who, notwithstanding a thin veneering 
of Koman Catholicism, are only half tamed and deeply resentful of 
Spanish abuses. They are practically unarmed except for the long, 
heavy knife carried by the Malays everywhere. Reinforced by many 
thousands direct from Cadiz and Barcelona, the Spanish troops were 
nevertheless in hot work still, when, iu November, 1897, the insurgent 
chiefs were bought off with $-100,000, cash iu hand, and the promise of 
certain administrative reforms. These promises, they now declare, 
like all reform promises from Spain, have not been kept. 

On the beautiful land-locked sea which indents the 

CITY AND BAY ^.^^^ coast of the island of Luzon, and is largeenough 
OF MANILA. ^^ Q^^^ ^j^g navies of the world, the Spaniards for 
centuries have had their capital. Manila has grown to a population 
(with its suburbs) of 2-50,000, and attained vast commercial importance. 
For Spain, the Philippines have not only been the seat of empire, but 
the center of trade for the whole Pacific ocean; and whether from 
the commercial, political or military standpoint, Manila is the Phil- 
ippines. From this emporium are shipped great quantities of cigars 
(whose manufacture was, till 1882. a government monopoly), sugar, 
tobacco, coffee, hemp, cocoa, rice, mats and cordage, and cotton or mixed 
fabrics. Here is a university conducted liy the Domijican order of 
monks, an imposing cathedral, and the governor-general's palace, 
whence issued orders to the lieutenant-governor of each of the nine 



42 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

or ten larger islands, and to the alcaldes of the forty-three provinces 
comprised in Spain's island empire in the Far East, A submarine cable 
connects Manila with the rest of the world by way of Hong Kong, 
Cliina, thence to Singapore, capital of the British colony known as the 
"Straits Settlement," at the tip of the Malay peninsula, then to and 
eight hunderd miles across India, and on to the Ited sea and Europe. 

The bay of Manila, dotted continually with tlie sliipping of many 
nations, narrows at its entrance to a width of twelve miles. Several 
islands, of which Corregidor and Caballo are the two largest, stand 
right in the entrance. Ships practically use only the two channels 
known as Bocha (irande, five miles wide, and Bocha Chico, two miles 
wide. Manila is situated twenty-six miles northeast of the entrance, 
or by the concave eastern shore-line of the bay perhaps forty miles. 

The south third of the city is tlie older and oHicial 

FORTIFICATIONS. ^^^^.^_ rpj,;^ portion is fortilied. but no fortilications 
protect tlie rest of the city (that part north of the Pasig rivi'r). which 
is tlie Manila of modern commerce.. On the antiquated fortilications of 
the otlicial city the Spaniards mounted some heavy guns during the 
winter of 18!)7-',>8. They also strengthened the shore batteries, espec- 
ially those at Cavite, an outlying suburb at the tip of a promontory, 
seven miles below Manila, and toward the entrance of the bay. The 
forts on Corregidor island were showily elaborated, and some large 
guns put in i)lace. In April. 180S, the Spaniards sunk mines in the 
harbor, and gave out that they were stringing torpedoes across l)oth the 
main clianncl, Boclia (Jrande. and tlie narrower one of Bocha Chico. 

In December, 1SU7, the navy department 

COMMODORE DEWEY. ,.,.ii,.v,.d Conimodvjre (ieorge Dewey, president 
of tlie Board of Inspection and Survey, from duty at Washington, 
and assigned liini tlie command of tlie Asiatic squadron, comprising 
the greater part of the American fleet in the Pacilic ocean. 
Known to his friends in civil life as a quiet, unassuming gentleman 
of sixty-one, tlie new commander, in forty-tlir(>e years of ctlicient 
and more tlian usually varied service, beginning with a cadet- 
ship from Vermont, and including thrilling exiuniences under Admiral 
Farragnt in the Civil War. had Avon the higlu-st coiirKlfiici' of tlie naval 
authorities. Tlie Asiatic squadron assembled at Hong Kong. Cliina. a 
port belonging to (Jreat Britain. It w:is well suiipli.'d willi ammunition 
and stores, and early in April reci-ived <iuite an accession in the cruiser 
Baltimore, which also brought a ship-load of ammunition that the 
g(»veniiiient had dispatched from San Fraiicisi-o on the gunboat Ben- 
nington, wliicli vessel transferred it at Ilonolulu to the Baltimore. 

\\:nned to le:iv«« lloiig Kong by the Britisli oHicials. 



IN MIRS BAY. 



from iieutralitv c(Uisideratioiis. the American fleet, on 



tlie twenty-seventh of .\pril. moved thirty odd miles northward to Mirs 
bay. in Chinese jurisdiction, ami th»>re completed its preparations, jilso 



OBGANlZrNG THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST. 



43 



awaiting, meauwhile, the arrival of Mr. O. F. Williams, the American 
consul at Manila, whence he was known to have already sailed. Its 
commander had been cabled from Washington that war was actually 
on, and been given instructions, foreshadowed previously, to crush the 
Spanish tleet in the Pacific and take the Philippines. The details of this 
momentous undertaking were left to his own judgment. 

Dewey had six fighting vessels and three tenders, 
as follows, the first-named being the flag-ship: 



AMERICAN FLEET. 





DISPLACK- 


SPEED, 


GUNS, 




MENT, TONS. 


KNOTS. 


TOTAL. 


OLYMPIA, first-class protected cruis- 
er, Capt. Chas. V Gridley 


5,870 


211/2 


38 


BALTIMORE, protected cruiser, 
Capt. N. M. Dyer. 


4,413 


20 


24 


RALEIGH, protected cruiser, Capt. 
J. B. Coghlan 


3,213 


19 


25 


BOSTON, protected cruiser, Capt. 
F Wildes 


3,000 
1,710 


15Mi 
17 


20 


CONCORD, gunboat, Commander A. 
S. Walker 


15 


PETREL, gunboat. Commander E. 
P Wood 


892 


llVo 


11 







TOUPEDO 
TUBES. 



The converted revenue cutter McCulloch accompanied the fleet as 
dispatch-boat, as did also the transport Nanshan, laden with coal for it, 
and the supply-boat Zafiro. The combined fleet carried ten 8-inch guns, 
twenty-tliree 6-inch, twenty 5-iuch and fifty-six guns of smaller caliber, 
besides twenty-four gatlings or machine-guns— 133 in all. 

The Spanish squadron at Manila had been rein- 
SPANISH BOMBAST, f^^f.^^ about the twentieth of April by the 
cruiser Castilla. whose officers lent enthusiastic assistance to the work 
of harbor defense, by means of the torpedoes and other war supplies 
which she had brought from Spain. Thus encouraged. General Augusti, 
the governor-general, fulminated an absurdly bombastic proclamation, 
declaring: 

"The North American people, constituted of all social excres- 
cences, have exhausted our patience and provoked war by their 
perfidious machinations, their acts of treachery, their outrages against 
the law of nations and international conventions. The struggle will 
be short and decisive. Spain will emerge triumphant from the new 
test, humiliating and blasting the hopes of the adventurers from those 
United States, that, without cohesion, without history, offer only infa- 
mous traditions and ungrateful spectacles in her chambers, in which 
appear insolence, defamation, cowardice and cynicism. Iler squadron, 
manned by foreigners, possesses neither instruction nor discipline." 



44 



CUBA AM) SPANISII-AMMKKAX WAU. 



THE SPANISH FLEET. 



Admiral .Moiitijo liad in his Hrct the foUowiii.i 
vessels, the first-uauied Iteiu^ liis lla.i;-sliii): 



KEINA -MAIME CIIUISTINA. steel 
cruiser 

('A8'i"lLL.\. steel eiuiser 

N'KLASCO. small cruiser 

I>().\ AXTOMO DE I'LLOA. small 
cruiser 

DON JUAN DE AT STRIA, small 
cruiser 

ISLA DE CT'BA. small i-ruiser 

ISLA DE EEZOX. small cruiser 

(JE.NEUAL LEZO. -iuuvessel 

EL CA.NO. -iuuvessel 

MARQUES Df^L DUERO. dispatch- 
boat 



OlSl'L 
MENT, 



ACK- 


SPKED, 


TOiNS. 


KNOT.S. 


.".20 


171.'. 


•M2 


H 


1 .".2 


14', 


mo 


14 


l.-'.o 


14 


i:!o 


1(5 


Olio 


Ki 


.-)24 


ID.-- 


r.24 


IDo 


.-)00 


10 



<nji\.s, 

iO lA I. 



21 



la 
i:5 

12 
12 

t; 



roui'Euo 

TUBES. 



In number thp guns of the Spanish tieet were inferior, and still 
more so in c;iliber; bur this disparity in Dewey's favor was counter- 
balanced. .MS tlie Sjianiards believed, by their shore batteries. 

COMMODORE DEWEY'S GREAT VICTORY. 



THE VOYAGE TO 

MANILA BAY. 



Tlie Americ:m llect left Mirs liay Wednesday 
alteriiooii. April 27th. At dayli.uht of Saturday, 
April riotli, it \v;is siuhted off Cape Boliuao. .sonie- 
Ihin.L' <tver 10(i miles from Manila. It h.ad already sailed over r>()0 miles. 
It i)rocee(led steadily southward, and early in the afternoon reached 
Hubic bay. thirty miles above the entrance to Maiula harbor. This 
was where Admiral Montijo had taken position, in bravado, a few days 
earlier; but he was not here now. havin.u' i)rudently retired on Eriday 
til Manila bay. within the encirclin.ir protection of the forts on shore. 
Leavinji Snbic bay Itefwcen four and live o'clock in the afternoon, the 
American vessels stood out to sea. and in due time were lost to view. 

The niiiht was caltn. witli a youm: mooii half w:iy to 



FORCING THE 
ENTRANCE. 



Ilie full. P.etween one .•md two o'clock in the morn- 
ing'— Sunday mor.iinjr. May 1st— the bo<tmin,i: of truns 
Wiis hc.ird in .Manila from the direction of Correuichtr island, at the 
eiitr.ance to the bay. Hut it was <lawn before it be<aine ;:«'nerally 
known that the Americans, with inconceivable dariufr. had entered the 
bay by the m:iin channel (Hocha Crandct. and had come fairly up to 
the city. In spite of forts, mines and torpedoes, the .\nu>ricau fleet, 
unharm.d. w.-is safely within the harlx.r a fc.it almost unparalleled 
in naval warf.-ire. Tlie ll;ii,'-shii) leading', and .all liL'lits darkened, .almost 
the entire licet p.assed in before the (■oi're;j:id<ir forts discovered it. 



COMMODORE DKWEY'S GREAT VICTORY. 45 

As in ;ill t roiiicnl coiiiurii s. dnyli.nlit caiiu' ou 
BATTLE OF MANILA. ^^..^^^ .^ ^.^^^^^^ Chaii.uiu^- position, the Aiuericau 

y^ij^sels were soon faciii.u- the fortitied pronioutof.v of Cavite aud the 
Spauish tleet. whose line rested on that point at the left, and thence 
stretched northward, under the shore batteries, toward the city. Before 
six o'cloclv tlie battle l)ejiau. The actual tig-hting was compressed into 
four hours. A lull occurred in the middle of it, while the Americans 
steamed acro.ss toward the west side of the bay—to estjiblish (luarters 
for their wounded on land, as the watchers, with their spy-jilasses. iu 
Manila thought— and from their supply-ships, anchored in the center 
of the bay. replenished their coal and ammunition. Not withstanding 
the disasters which had befallen their side, the Spaniards f()ndly hoped 
the enemy had been beaten off, and joyful telegrams were hurried to 
Madrid. But the dreaded Americans soon returned, when the carnage 
for one side became terrific. 

Before one o'clock the fire from Cavite point had been silenced, its 
seaward fortifications knocked into shapeless heaps. The Spanish tleet 
iu the rhilippines was a tale of the past. Its flag-ship, the lieina Marie 
Christina, fired by American shells, was completely burned. The next 
largest vessel, the Castilla, met the same fate. Other shells crashed 
through the side of the Don .Tnan de Austria and exploded, and she, too, 
went up iu flames. A number of other vessels were sunk, among them 
the armed transport Mindanao. Montijo. when the flag-ship took fire, 
had been obliged to shift his flag to the Utile gunboat Isla de Cuba, 
aud that also was destroyed a little later. He was wounded, though 
not seriously. The loss of life iu his command was frightful. The 
captain of the Reina Marie Christina was killed, and over one hundred 
of his crew, besides some officers. The captain of the Don ,Juau de 
Austria was also killed, with ninety of his men. 

Not one American ship was seriously injured, thanks to the 
wretched gunnery of the forts on shore, though the Spanish seamen 
made a brave effort to avert their doom. The skilful maneuvering of 
the American vessels (in an ellipse) not only mystified the enemy, but 
much increased his difiiculty in getting range. Their fire was delivered 
with wonderful precision, and such rapidity as fairly overwhelmed the 
Spaniards, while it amazed the onlookers from shore. 

The immunitv of the Americans was marve- 
DETAILS AND RESULTS. io„g_„o„e killed and but eight wounded, 
though the lamented death of Captain Gridley, of the Olympia, ou June 
4th, was at least hastened by some obscure accident or strain during 
the battle. Two powerful submarine mines were harmlessly exploded 
in front of the Olympia just before the fight began. The Baltimore was 
set on fire by the explosion of a Spanish shell among some ammunition, 
but the flames were quickly put out. As for the lull in the battle, that 



4(i CiltA ANI) SI'AMSll-AMi:i:l('AN \VAl!. 

iiiiw r.MiiKHis ii)ci(lci)t \v;is by (inlfi's. lo .-illnw llir Ainci-ii:iii sc;iiiicii to 
licr ln-cnkr.-isl. I lie iiH'ii li;iviii.LL li;ul only a clip (if cuirci' licrurc tioiiiji 
iiiti) .•K-lidii. AlliT lliis lull ihry (•.■line l(i closci- qiiarlfrs willi llic 
cmMiiy. Mild w lien tlic liir.m'r of llir SpMiiish vcss.ls had hccii drsl royrd 
liic miiihdMt rclrcl liiiislicd llic work iiinou.n- liic siii.-illcr (Uics iusliorc 
Mild ,11 ilic UKiutli (if r.al^di' hay. hidiind the proiuoiitory at Cavitc. 
Tlic Spanish hisses were variously cstiiiiaU'd at !M)(l to 1.2(KI men. In 
iiKincy value they readied .•v(;.ii(Hi.(Hi(). wilhdiil iiichidiii.i; the Siianish 
vessel Ar.iios or the revenue Liiinlioal Callan. Ilie (Uie destroyed and the 
(ilher caiiturcd a few days lalei-. Addii i(iiiai captures of small Spanish 
vi ssels were made diiriii.u llie foll(i\\iii.a weeks. 

Ill the afternoon the IJritish consul went to meet 
AFTER THE VICTORY. ^^^ victorious commander, lie.iriii.i;- an earnest 
plea, on liehalf of his consular collca.iiues. to spare .Manilii from i»om- 
lijirdnient. Commodore Dewi'y coiidilioiied the desired promis(> upon the 
siii-i-endcr of the torpedoes, uuiis and military stores in the hands of 
the Siiaiiiards. the suinily of coal lor his ships ;iiid ('(pial privile.ires in 
liie us(> of the cable. Ceiiei'.al .\ii,misti. .after commuiiica t in.;:- with 
Madrid, deli.antly refused. This w:is on Monday moriiim:. Before 
ni.iihtfall the Americans h:id sei/.cd Corre.uidor island, thus securinu: 
their rear, and had received the formal surrender of ("avile. with its 
milil.iiy and naval stores, dry-docks, etc.. and hundreds of the Sp.-mish 
wounded. That afternoon the c.-ilile was cut by Hewey's orders, in 
retaliation for the beaten eiicmx's refus.il to .illow iiini its use. The 
lii-<t imp.atiently awaited disp;!tches from the victorious .\meric;in were 
not received till Saturday. .M:iy Tlh: they came by w;iy of Ilonu Konjr. 
:iiid their publication la-iated lioiiiidless eiithtisi.asm. The one beariiiLr 
the date .May Itli conlaiiied the wei.^lity s(>iitence. "I control the bay 
completely, .and can t.ake the city :it .any lime." 

THE PHILIPPINE EXPEDITIONS. 

rnrsn.aiit to the president's recommendation. 
HONORS AND AID^^^ < •(muress on May :.th passed a resolution of 

th.anks to ComiiKidore 1 lewey and to Ids otJlcers 
and men. It .also .appropri.atcd .'«■• 1 (i.i i( ii t to iireseiii him a sword, and 

I l.als to :ill under his conim.and. Two d.ays later he w;is nominated 

•and contirmed re.ar .admiral. Meanwhile iire|);irat ions were beiuir 
pushed for dispalchint,' 2it.<H«t .\meric:iii troops from San I'lancisco. 
under Major-Ceiier.al Wesley Merrilt. of the reuular aiaiiy. whose selec- 
tion as niilit.ary ;iovernor of the IMiilipiiines was made public May VJlh. 
tliMUirh he di<l not re.acli San Frain-isco until llie 'JTth. The cruiser 
('h.ailestoii. the earnest of coiuIiijj: reinforcemenls. sailed from Marc 
island n.avv-v.ard. S.in I'r.ancisco. for .M.inil.i b.iy May LMst. 



THE I'llILU'PIAE EXPEDITIONS. 4| 

SUCCESSIVE ^" May 25111 liie trausport stoaiiiers City of 

EXPEDITIONS. Peking, City of Sydney and Au.stialia l(>ft Sau 
Franei.sco with the lirst rhilipi)ine expedition, under the command of 
Hrigadier-lJeneral Thomas M. Anderson. They carried 115 officers and 
•J.vI.SG enlisted men, with a year's supplies, besides more ammunition 
and stores for Dewey's fleet. This expedition reached its destination 
June 30th, and went into comfortable quarters at Cavite. 

The second expedition, which sailed .June 15th, was composed of 15S 
officers and o,428 enlisted men, under Brigadier-General F. Y. (ireene, 
the trans[)orts being the China. Colon, Zealandia and Senator. It 
reached Manila bay .July 2()th. Some detachments were taken ashore 
near Cavite and Malate. south of Manila, wliile Die rest landed at 
Malabon, just north of the city. 

^leauwhile, on .June Uth, the powerful nuniitor Monterey, accom- 
panied by the collier steamer. Brutus, with a strong towing "bridle." 
had started for Manila, and on the 23(1 it was followed by the monitor 
Monaduock and collier Xero. 

The third Thilippiue expedition, Brigadier-C.eneral Arthur Mc.\rthur 
in command, left San Francisco .June 27th, consisting of 1*J7 officers, 
4.<m(J enlisted men and 35 civilians. The steamers were the In.diana, 
City of I'ara, Ohio. Morgan City and Valencia. 

Of the fourth t'Xpedition the first detachment, nunil)ering l,7ti3 
officers and men. left .Inly 1-lth on the City of I'uebla and I'<'ru, on 
the former being Major-Ceneral Ehvell S. Otis and staff. Brigadier II. 
(J. Otis, with the rest of the expedition, on tlie Pennsylvania. St. Paul 
and City of Bio .Janeiro, sailed several days later. 

The fifth land, for the present, last) c'xpedition was billed for depar- 
ture early in August. 

(Jeneral Mei-ritt sailed from San l'"riUicisco .Tune 2!tth. on the 
stt'amer Newport, expecting after the capture of Manila to devolve the 
command of I lie troops ui)on Ma.ior-(Jenei'al (^tis, in (M'dtn' to devote 
himself wholly to the duties of military governor. 

r>urinii- the three months following his great victory 



SITUATION 



Commodore Dewev won new laurels by his ability as 



AT MANILA. , , . , . ■ 

dipldinat and administr.atoi'. Ills position was a very 

delicate one. net (Uily as regarded the repri seiitatives of European 
]Miwers with wiidin lie Inid to di'al. but also tlie insurgents, who. under 
Aguinaldo. iiiadi wonderful i)rogress. taking outpost after outpost from 
the Spaniards, and at length obliging them to wilhdr:iw at almost every 
point within the fort iticat ions of Old Manila. AVhile Aguinaldo's alti- 
tude after procliiiming himself dictator, in .July, occasioned them some 
solicitude, .•uid yet more the airs put on by the officers of the formidable 
Oernian siinadroii in Manila liay. all Americans reposed unbounded 
contidence in both the shrewdness and the pluck of Admiral Dewey. 



48 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAU. 

CERVERA'S FATAL CRUISE. 

I On April 2'.Mli the Cape Verdo Spanish Hcot, under 

AND COMING Atlin'i'^l Cervera, steamed westward under warning 
to leave from the Portuguese government. It con- 
sisted (if tour tirst-elass armored cruisers and three torpedo-boat 
destroyers (as starred in the list of Spanish war-vessels given else- 
where), (ireat secrecy shrouded its movements. May 10th Madrid 
tclegrai)hed that it had returned to Cadiz. Meanwhile, liowever. 
Sampson, with his heavier-armored vessels, had sailed for I'orto Kico, 
wher(>, on May 12th, he bombarded the seaward forts guarding San 
Juan; then drew off, awaiting orders or— Cervera. Cervera actually 
turned up in the West Indies that same day. On the 13th he coaled 
off the French island of ^lartinique, four hunderd miles southeast of 
Porto Rico, and on tlic l.">ih off Curacoa. a Dutch West Indian island 
near tlic Veni'zui'lan coast. On the IKtli. to the boundless joy of 
Havana and Madrid, he gained tlie port of Santiago de Cuba. 

M.iv 12th Commodore W. S. Schley, coinmanding 
BOTTLED UP 

AT c*».iTiA/-i-w the Flving squadron, at Hampton Roads. Virginia, 
AT SANTIAGO. 

saili'd southward, and within twelve days had 

Cervera bottled up at Santiago. Admiral Sampson joined him there on 
June 1st. and took command of the combined fleet of sixteen vessels, 
and continued the work of |)eriodical bombarding that Schley had 
betrun. The l)lockade of the haibor entrance by day and by night was 
unceasingly vigilant— weary work, but amply rewarded at last. June 'M 
witnessed the immortal feat of .\ssistant Naval Constructor Richmond 
Pciirson Ilobson and his crew of seven heroes, in sinking the collier 
Merrimac to block Ceivera's egress. They were exchanged July iJth. 
To escape tlie impending fate of Santiago, Cervera was 
FINAL DOOM. ^^,.,1, ,,.,,,, ,,, ,^.,^i, „„f ,^f jjn. harbor. Tlu" attenipt was 

made on Sunday rorrnoon. .luly .".d. Ids t1ag-shiii. ilie lnf:uita Maria 
Teresa, leading. The Vizcaya. Cristobal Colon and .Mmirante Oquendo 
followed, in the order named, and then the torpedo-boat (h'stroyi-rs Plu- 
ton ;ind I'uror. In the shortest time possible tlie American vessels closed 
in and beg:in the ch.-ise. firing i)rodigionsly. ^^■ithin twenty nnnutes the 
Fttror was beached, and lioth it ami tlie Pinion sunk. Tiie Infanta 
Mari.a Teresa, on tire. \v;is run ashore six and one liall' miles west of 
S.-intiago h.arbor entrance: the Alminmte Oquendo. on tire, seven ndles 
west, .-iiid the \'i/c:iya. on tire, tifteen miles wesi. The Cristob.-il 
C'olon. liii.-iUy overhauled. w;is bc-olied and snrreiideicd I'orty-eiglit 
miles west of the same jtort. Tlie destruction w;is conqilele. Not less 
tli.in ."no Spajii.ards were killed and drowned, including many officers, 
and nearly 1..")(tii taken pi-isoners. among lliei^i the brokeii-liearled 
admiral, whose kindness to Hobsou now stood him lu good stead. 



THE SANTIAGO CAMPAIGN. 49> 

THE SANTIAGO CAMPAIGN. 

The primary object of the hiud oauipaigu aj^aiust 
GUANTANAMO BAY. y^^„^i^,„.„ ,,.3, ^^^ ^..,^,t^j,^ o, fi^.^truotioii of 

Cervera's tleet. To secure a harbor for the coming transports that 
shoukl be safe against -possible cyclones, Sampson determined to seize 
the bay of (Juantanamo, thirty-six miles east. Here, on Fisherman's 
Point, six hundred United States marines landed on June 10th under 
Lieutenant-Colonel Huntington, and had four days' fighting. 

On Monday, June 20th, the Fifth United 

SHAFTER'S 't'j^'Jj'^JJJ^^^j^pg States Army Corps, Major-General William 
R. Shafter commanding, arrived off Santi- 
ago on thirty transi)orts sent from Tampa, Florida, under a strong- 
convoy. Its official strength of 773 officers and 14,.")04 enlisted men was 
before the surrender increased to about 22,500. With the navy's assis- 
tance, first Baiquirl, the principal landing-place, and then Siboney, 
were seized. On the 24th occurred the desperate fight in the pathless 
chaparral surrounding La Quasima, in which the First United States 
Volunteer Cavalry (the famous Rough Riders) and the First and Tenth 
regular cavalry, all fighting dismounted, sustained a loss of 16 killed 
and 52 wounded. The American advance was pushed steadily. The 
Spaniards, withdrawing to their fortified lines near Santiagoj made 
a determined stand at El Ganey and the heights of San Juan, the 
former northeast and the latter southeast of the city. To capture these 
apparently impregnable positions cost the severest struggle of the 
campaign, one continued from dawu till nearly dark of July 1st, with 
further fighting on the 2d to hold them. General Shafter officially 
reported 1,508 killed, wounded and missing in the two-days' battle. 

THF (iiDDPNinFD Ccucral Linares having been wounded and the next 
ranking officer killed, the command of the Spanish 
forces devolved on General Jose Toral. who, after repeated refusals, 
finally yielded to the inevitable, and on July 15th agreed to surrender. 
General Shafter occupied Santiago on the 17th— not a day too soon, for 
yellow fever had begun its work among his men. Toral gave up the 
eastern end of Cuba and a total force of about 24,0(H), all of whom the 
American government agreed to return to Spain at once. 

THE PORTO RICO CAMPAIGN. 

An expedition of 30,000 troops to Porto Rico, under 

^c rvVi^i*.!/- the rersonal direction of Major-General Nelson A. 
Or LANDING. 

Miles, commanding the United States army, came 

next in order. Its advance, brought over by General Miles from San- 
tiago (troops who had not been landed*, seized Gnanica, on the south 
coast, fifteen miles west of Ponce, on the 25th of July. 



50 



CUBA ANP SrANIHH-AMKRICAN Wa6. 



UNITED STATES WAR-VESSELS. 

(See " Kinds of War-sliips," page 5!". Also " Naval Terms Explained," page 57.) 



First-class Battleships. 

Displace't, Specii, Guns, Torpedo 
Tons. KnoU. Total. Tubes. 

Iowa ll.-lHI 1<> -ItJ "J 

Indiana 10,2S8 15'<^ 46 6 

Massiicliusetts....lo,'JSS l.l 4b () 

Oregon Ul,'J»« l'"") -KJ « 

Second-class Battleship. 

Texas (i,81.') 17 20 4 

Armored Cruisers 

Brooklyn !),271 20 40 .5 

New York 8,200 21 34 3 

Armored Ram. 

KatalKliii '.i.lw 17 4 

Protected Steel Cruisers. 

Albany (Detained in Knj-'land.) 

Atlanta 3,00(1 1.^34 22 

Baltimore 4,413 20 24 4 

Boston 3,000 lb% 20 

Charleston 3,7;% 18 22 4 

Cliieasio 4,.'J00 15 31 

Cincinnati 3,213 19 23 4 

Colnml)ia 7,375 23 31 5 

Minneapolis 7.375 2A]4 31 5 

Newark 4,098 19 30 6 

New Orleans 3,600 20 28 3 

Olvmpia 5.870 2n/^ 38 6 

Philadelphia 4,324 19^^ 29 4 

KaleiKh 3,213 19 25 4 

San Franoisco.... 4,098 KV, 29 6 

Topeka (Purchased in England.) 

Unprotected Steel Cruisers. 

Detroit 2.(iS!) is'., 18 3 

Marhleliciid 2.(»s0 IS'.. 19 3 

M-.nt'ioiriciy 2,0s9 1!»'J 19 3 

Principal Steamers now Auxiliary Cruisers. 

St. Louis 11,629 (Anieriean Line) 

St. Pan 1 ll.aSO (AnuM-iean Line) 

Harvard ll.t)74 (Atneriean Line) 

(Fonnerly New York.) 

Ynle 11 6i;k (American Line) 

(Koniierly City of Taiia.) 

Prairie 4..">2.i ( Morgan Line) 

(Formerly K' Sol.) 

Yosemite 4.ti.')!t (Mors;aii Line) 

(Formerly Kl Slid.) 

Yankee 4.<i.')9 (Morfian Line) 

(Formerly F,l Nolle.) 
Dixie 4.66.S (Morgan Line) 

(K.iiiiH'rly Kl Hio.) 

Double-turret Monitors. 

Amphltrite 3.!»!Mi 12 14 

Miantonoinoh.... 3.9!)(1 10'/. 10 

Mnnadnock 3.9<)0 ]V!'. M 

Monterey 4.084 WZ Hi 

I'nrilan 6.060 12'^ IS 

Terror 3.990 12 12 

Gunboats. 

Bennington 1,710 17'.'. It li 

Castlne 1.177 10 II I 

Coneon! 1.710 17 l."> 6 

Helena 1.392 13 18 1 



Ounboats^Continued. 

Displace'l, Speed, Guns, Torped* 

Toas. KnoUs. Total. Tubes. 

Machias 1,177 W/^ 16 1 

Nashville 1,371 14 16 1 

Petrel 892 11'^ U 

Wilmington 1,392 13 IS 

Yorktown 1,710 16 14 <i 

Composite Gunboats. 

Annapolis l.ooo 12 12 

Marietta 1,000 12 12 

Newport I.OU) 12 12 

Princeton 1.000 12 12 

Vicksbnrg 1,000 12 12 

Wheeling 1,000 12 12 

Dynamite Cruisers. 

Vesuvins 929 213-.^ 6 

Buffalo (Bonght from Brazil), 
(Fornierly the Nictlieroy.) 

Special Class. 

Bancroft s:i9 14'.^ 11 2 

(Trainint-'-sliii).) 
Dolphin 1.4S(> I5J4 8 

(Dispateh-lioat.) 
Torpedo Cruisei' 

Torpedo-boats. 

Bailey 2.!.^) .'50 4 2 

T. A. M. Craven .. 146 ;W^ 4 3 

Cashing lt« 22'/^ 3 3 

Dahlgren 146 3H% 4 3 

Davies 128 22'4 2 2 

Dupont 180 27>i 4 3 

Ericsson 120 24 3 3 

Farragut 273 30 « 3 

Footer. 142 24'^ 3 3 

Fox 128 2231 2 4 

Goldsborough.... 2473^ .^l 4 2 

Gwin 463.^ 20 1 2 

Mackenzie t>5 20 1 2 

McKee t>5 20 1 2 

Morris 103 22>..^ 3 4 

Porter 180 27'; 4 3 

Rodgers 142 24';; 3 3 

Rowan 182 26 4 3 

Somers (Detained in England.) 

Stiletto 31 18 3 

Stringham 340 31) 7 2 

Tall.ot 46'.;; 20 J 3 

Winslow 11- -'I' J 3 3 

Submarine Torpedo-boats. 

Plnnger 1<>8 S .. 2 

Holland Diver 

Old Monitors (Coast Defense). 

I'nd.T thi-. head arc t liirt.-cn single- 
turret veterans <.f the Civil War. as 
follow^: Ajax, Caniinicus, Catskill, 
CiimiiiichP. .Jason, Lehigh, Mahopric, 
Manhattiin, M.MitauU, Nalinnt, ,Nan- 
tiicket, Passaic and Wyandotte. Iheir 
speed Is tive to six knots. :iiiii each has 
:iii armament of two heavy smooth- 
Lores, except the Canonicud, which UaH 
four. 



WAU-VESSEI.S. 



51 



x\DlJlTI()NAL VESSELS.— We also have tlie old iron vessels (available for 
coa-<t-tlefyi]se) Alert. l,02(i tons ; Mouocacy, l,37Utoiis; Hauler, 1,021) tons; Micliijian, 
08o Ions; Pinta, ooU tons. Incomparably more important is the large number of 
recently acquired au.xiliary cruisers of small or moderate size, steam yachts 
(valuable for their speed, and armored), patrol-boats of various liiuds for coast 
service, tugs, etc. The Treasury Department also ha.s in commission thirty-nine 
revenue cutters, a number of which (as the McC'ulloch, under Admiral Dewey) 
have been transferred to the naval service. For war-ships now building see page 52. 



SPANISH WAR-VESSELS. 



First-class Battleship. 



Displace'!, Speed, Guns, Torpedo 
Tons. Knots. Total. Tubes. 
Pclayo 'J,'J(io lU ;>5 7 

Second-class Battleships. 

Vitoria l/Sti) II iCiiiite old.) 

Numancia T.UlliJ S (Coast def.) 

Armored Cruisers. 
Emperador Car- 
los V <),2:5.5 

Cardinal Cisne- 



20 



ros 


7.000 


20 


24 


,s 


Cataluna 


7,000 


20 


24 




Pi-incess de As- 




turias 


7,000 


20 


24 


s 


.\lmirante 










(Jquendo- 


7,000 


20 


;Jo 


,s 


Infanta Maria 










Teresa- 


7,000 


20'-.; 


30 


8 


Vizi-aya-' 


7,1100 


20 


30 


K 


Cristobal Colon-' 


6,S10 


20 


40 


4 



14 


14 


11 


hi 


171., 


2.'{ 




21 


14 


13 


14 


13 


14 


13 



Protected Cruisers. 

Alfonso XIII 5,(1011 20 

Lepanlo 4,S2(J 20 

Unprotected Cruisers. 

Aragon 3.342 

Navarrju 3 312 

Alfonso XII 3.091) 

ReinaMercpdest 3,090 
Conde de Ven- 

adlto 1,130 

Infant 1 Isabel.... 1,130 

rsal)el II 1,130 

Maniues de Eii- 

senada 1,0.30 

Qniras 31.5 In tlie Pa 

■Villabolos 315 " " 

Gunboats for Cuban Waters. 

Hernan Cortes.. 

Pizarro 

Vasco Nunez de 

Balbo-i 

Diego Velns(juez 
Ponce de Leon... 

Alvarado 

.Sandoval 

Thei-e were eighteen otlv^r smal 
gunboats, each carrying two guns 



15 



13 



3i)0 


12 


1 


.300 


12 


2 


,300 


121-.. 


1 


200 


12 


3 


200 


12 


3 


100 


12 


2 


100 


12 


2 



7oO 
371 

830 



571 



I 



Gunvesscls. 

Displace't, Speed, Guns, Torpedo 
Tons. Knots. Total. Tubes. 

M a ge 1 1 a 11 es 524 1 1 '-.; 

Creneial Com-lia 520 ((Junbi 

Torpedo-gunboats. 

Don Alvaro tie 

Bezan S30 

Dona iMaria de 

Molina 8;i0 

Destructor 458 



7 
■at.) 



Fill pi lias 

Galicia 

Marques de la 
Vitoria 

Marques de Mo- 
lina 

Martin Alonzo 

Pinzon 571 

Nueva Espana... G30 

Rapido ,570 

'J'emerario 590 

Vincente Yanez 

Pinzon .571 

Torpedo-boat Destroyers. 

Audaz ^011 :;o 

Furor- ,s,so 28 

Terrorft 380 2S 

Osada ,380 l'8 

Pluton- 3S0 L's 

Proserpina .380 28 

Torpedo-boats. 

Ariete ~i r 2H 

Hayo E 25V<; 

.\zor "b 24" 

Halcon i^ 24 

Habaiia a 22 

Barcelo •- 19V, 

Orion I "^ 21'.^ ... '.. 

Retamosa ( '~ •>()'{, 

.Iiilia Ordonez c i'(( " ". 

K.iercito *: 25 

Rj-el 5 II) 

Pollux " 19'.'. 

Castor ■" 19 " 

Aire J ;^ s 

There are also ff)ur small vidotte- 

boats, with speed of .-iliout 18'., knots, 

each carrying two liirlit guns and two 
or three torpedo-tubes. 



-D-stroyed .July 3, 1898, while attempting to escape from Santiago hari>or 
tl>'«mantled liy Spaniards, and sunk by .\merican fleet olTSantlago .In Iv'fi, 1898 
vIDisabled June 22, 1898, ofrSun Juan, Porto liico, by Aniericaij crm.sef "Ht, Paul." 



52 CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

AMERICAN AND SPANISH NAVIES COMPARED 

\\'t' have tivf iiiuuster batth'ships in course of 
AMERICAN WARSHIPS c-oustnu-tiou. The K-entucUy aud Kearsarjit', 
BUILDING, ijnineliea at Newport News, March 24th. will 
be ready by November. IS'.tS. They will be equally powerful witli the 
Indiana. 'J he Alal)aiiia was huiuehed at Philadelphia. May IS, bSVKS. 
and the Illinois and Wisconsin (the latter building at Sau Francisco) will 
bi' launched early in IS'.tlt. These three are designed to surpass in size 
and p(>\v(>r the Iowa, which is believed to be the equal of any European 
battleship afloat. Immediately after the breakinj; out of the Spanish- 
American war Congress authorized the construction of three additional 
battleships (makiug eight now luidi'r way), twelve tori)edo-boats. six- 
teen torpedo-boat destroyers, four com st-defen.se monitors, and one guu- 
lioni t(ir service on the Lakes. These, of cour.se, will be in additiou to 
the vessels that were in course of construction prior to Ai)ril. ISitS. 

Spain is now buil<ling one i>attleship of about 
SPANISH WAR-SHIPS lo.ooo tons; two armored cruisers, one of lo.r)(MJ 
BUILDING. ^,^yj^ .jjni ,,jj, „ther. Pedro d"Aragon,of ().,S4b tons; 
two i)rnrected cruisers, the Keina Kegente and IJicj de la Plata, of 
r».:{TL' and 1.775 tons respectively; one torpedo gunboat of 7r»0 tons, and 
lour large-size torpedo-boats. She can also command for arming as 
criiisers a dozen vi'ssels of the Compania Transatlantica of Cadiz, 
varying in size from ^.OM to ti.t)32 tous, and in speed from ISVa to 17 
knots. ^The transport Mindanao, destroyed at Manila, belonged to this 
line. So did the Alplionso XII. (the steamer, not tlie war-ship of that 
name), which, early in .Inly. is;>8. was beached near Mariel. twenty 
miles west of Havana, to escape capture, and was lost, cargo and all. 

Defeuse has been the controlling idea on the 
NAVIES OF SPAIN AND j,.,,.^ „f Congress iu making naval approi»ri- 

THE UNITED STATES. .,,j,,„^ hitherto. Hence our thirteen great 
floating forlri'sses. or battleships (including the eight now building or 
autliori/.ed). immensely powerful, but of only moderate speed, as also 
our monitors, avowedly coast-defense vessels, and the best of thein 
sc.ircely seaworthy. Of cruisers with large coaling capacity, adapted 
for long voyages and aggressive action in distant waters, we have 
regrelt:il)ly few, though this deficiency is measurably supplied by the 
large .'ind swift auxiliary crui^^ers into which tin- gov.'rnmeut has 
transformed ilie American t ra iis.it lantic steamers and other rnn-rs. 

Si.aiii iias but one really elT.'ctive battleship in commission, the 
Pelayo. with another of the tlrst <lass and one of the second class in 
an advanced stage of construction. We outclass her greatly in battle- 
ships. Spain's superiority in armored cruisers, as shown by the pre- 
ceding list, was practically wiped out by the destruction of Cervera'g 



NAVAL CONTRASTS AND COMPARISONS. 53 

fleet, July 3, 1898. And her torpedo craft are uo longer dreaded, beiui? 
little better than mere shells, helpless lu rough weather, or even dan- 
gerous for their crews, while their coaling capacity is very limited. 

PAiiRPD AwnniwvFDv ^" ^^^'^ ealil)er of guns our ships surpass 
CALIBEK AND GUNNERY. . p c. • m , ^^, , ■ , i- 

tliose of Spain. ihe battleships Indiana, 

Massachusetts and Oregon carry four 13-inch guns each (besides other 

heavy guns), aud the battleships Kearsarge. Kentucky. Alabama. Illinois 

and Wisronsiu, now building, will each have the same. There is not 

a 13-inch gun in the Spanish navy, and only two 12%-iuch ones (on the 

I'elayoi yet mounted, no 12-in(h, and no more tliau eighteen 11-inch. 

The superior marksmanship of Amerifau gunners gives us auolher 

and tremendous advantage. Not only are our gunners thoroughly drilled 

in target-practice, but a prize of four dollars is offered for extra good 

hits, and to have this entered on the next monthly pay-roll is a coveted 

honor, aside from its money aspect. 

^^..^^ 'J'lit^ maximum thickness of the steel armor carried on the 
ARMOR. . , , TT -^ , r.. , . . , . , 

side by tnited States war-vessels is eighteen inches, on the 

Indiana, Massachusetts and Oregon. The Iowa has fourteen and the 
Ti>xas twehe inches. Tlie Kearsarge aud Kentucky, now completing, 
will carry hfteen inches, and the Alabama, Illinois and Wisconsin, 
sixteen and one half inches. The- thickness of metal on the armored 
cruiser Brooklyn (Commodore Schley's flag-ship) is, in inches, as fol- 
lows: Side, three; deck, three to six; turrets, five and one half; barbette 
(over which the great eight-inch guns are fired), eight. For the 
armored cruiser New York (Admiral Sampson's flag-ship), the figures 
are: Side, four inches; deck, three to six; turrets, five aud one half; 
barbette, ten. The maximum thickness of armor for the Spanish navy 
is represented b.v the Pelayo's. as follows: Armor belt, seventeen and 
three fourths inches; deck, four; barbette, nineteen and one fourth. 

The '"armor belt" of the Pelayo and the Spanish armored cruisers 
extends for several feet above the water-line, but between the armor 
belt aud the barbette is an unprotected strip eight or ten feet wide 
running the length of the ship. On the other hand, the side armor of 
the United States vessels is continuous from water-line to battle-deck. 

Of Spain's oight large armored cruisers, six have an armor belt 
twelve inches thick, which is reduced to ten and one half inches around 
the gun position, with a 2-inch or .3-inch protective steel deck. The 
Emperador Carlos V. (see list) has ten inches on her two gun-turrets, 
but her armor licit consists of only two inches of Harveyized steel. The 
Cristobal Colon lind six inches of armor-plate and one and one 
half inches on hor deck. Not much Harveyized steel lias yet found 
place on Si)anisli war-shi))s. wliereas its use Ity the United States has 
become extensive. Three inches of Harv(\viz;ed steel has a resisting 
power equal to more than four inches of the best steel not thus treated, 



54 CUI5A AND SPAMSII-AMERICAN WAR. 

THE GREAT GUNS OF MODERN WARFARE. 

TIh' iri-incli siiKxitli bores used uii the inuii- 
NAVAL GUNNERY ITEMS. .,,,,.^ ,,,p,,senle.l the .naxinnu., etticieuey of 
jiuiis .-I ueiieiatioii a.uo. They would peuetrate six inches of iron at the 
niuz/Je, and aliout three and one lialf inches at tlfteen Imndred yards. 
(Jreat ari' llie advances since tlie Civil War. The i:!-inch rilled ,i;nns 
now in use on ,\nierican hatlli'shi]is will penetrate twenty-seven inches 
of steel at the muzzle, or twenty-three inches at hfteeu hundred yards. 
No ai'Hior placed on vessels can withstand the penetration of these yiins 
at close ran.^e. The (iT-ton .^nns of the I'.iitish navy are no better. 

To lire one of the KJ-inch .unns on the Indiana, which is the most 
formidable war-shii) of the United t^tatl>s navy, costs, incrndin,::,- the .i;rcal 
tooled steel i)ro.iectile of l.loti jtonnds' wei.uiit. .S700 each time i^^'>o for 
the powder charge and .f.l.-iO Utv \\\r project ih'). and it uives a pressiu'e 
of two and one (|uai'ter tons to the sipiare inch on tlie protected deck 
at each dischar.uc It is said the l:j and K! inch uuns can be tired only 
about one hundred times with eitlier safety or aceuracy: after that they 
must be discai-ded cutii-ely. or used only with a low service of iiowder 
at closer ranui', or soiuctimes they may be ritied anew. 

A rj-iiich uMiii.willi a ran.uc of over lennules. 
RANGE RAPIDITY AND ^..,,, ,^,,,1,.,,, ,,ne shot in three minutes, but a 
VvEIOnT Or rlKt ... n i . .1 

lew shots in ipiick sucerssion will heat the 

iriui s(t that it must be ijiven time to cool off. .\ .".-inch ^un. with a 
raii.i;e of over foui- miles, can deliver live shots .-i minute, and a l-inch 
nun, with a raiiue of three and one half miles, eiuht shots a nnnute. 
Such rapidity, however, is pi'actically impossible in actu.al (>n.ua.-emcnts. 
••The battleshij) Texas." said the Secretary of the Navy, "'is able to 
deliver a bow or stern lire of two 12-inch ,i;uns, and four S-inch .i,'uus 
Ihn.winu: ?,:2i)() pf)unds of steel at every v<)llc:\-. In a sin.de broadside 
volley there will be thrown over two anil one h;ilf tons (d" metal." Vet 
the Ti'xas li-ures in the Tnited States n:iv;il list ;is .-i ser.md-dass 
b.ittlesliip. and is quite surpassed, in respect to armament, by our tirsl- 
dass battleships. The slndl carried Ity the IC-inch brcech-loadin- rilled 
•runs emplaced for the defen.><e of New York w.'iuhs 'J.I'.To pounds. 

The use of modern rilled jriins of lariu'c caliber, thirty to 
POWDER. ^,„.,.^. f,,,., i„ i,,„irtli. LTivintr hii-h veh.cily and lonj: rani:c. 
was ri'udereil i.essible by certain iui])roveinents in the manufacture of 
explosives for tiriuiT them. .\ .irreat stride was made when lar-e -rains 
of llie so-ea'led prismatic po\Mler be^an to be made. It is n iw usually in 
hexa.-onal f<.rm. the -r.-iiiis of su.h si/e that they will lii each other 
clos.'ly. and paek in the eh:indier of tin- -un wiih .-i minimum loss of 
sitaee. The iiroibicfion <.f smokeless powder for lar.ire irnns. tlioutrh not 
vet eutirelv successful, will doubtless become so at no distant da,v. 



TORPEPO-KOATS AND nKSTROVEiSS. 55 

TORPEDO-BOATS AND DESTROYERS. 

The ri.iilil which the ITuitetl States recently piir- 

^T^n^cn^^xMQcc chased to use the Whitehead torpedo places our 
lOKPtUU- 1 Uotb. „ . ... .,.,,, 

navy on a footing, m this regai'd. with the best 

Of other nations. This weapon consists of a cylindrical steel vessel, 
with the forward end pointed and the rear end rigged up with fin-like 
rudders. It is eighteen inches in diameter, several feet long and weighs 
835 pounds; and its forward conipartuuMit is loaded with 250 poiuuls of 
guncotton, one of the most tremendously powerful of all explosives. 
The torpedo-tube is practically a light sort of gun, of which the torpedo 
is the projectile. The latter is discharged from the tube either by 
compressed air or by a small powder charge. It is driven through the 
water l)y a propeller whose engines are set going in the act of dis- 
charge and are worked by compressed air. It may be impelled in any 
desired direction to a distance of not exceeding 800 yards, the ordinary 
range being about one third of a mile. The depth at which it runs is 
regulated by the horizontal rudders. Torpedoes are usually fired from 
above the water-level, but in some cases below it. When the torpedo 
strikes a solid sulistance, such as the hull of a ship, its charge of gun- 
cotton is immediately fired, with an effect inconceivably destructive. 
Four officers and sixteen' men make up the regular crew of a torpedo- 
boat in the .American navy, though the larger ones require rather more. 

^^^„^..^ . .r~., I'reciselv what amount of service torpedo- 

TORPEDOBOAT ATTACK. , ^ ' , , „ i • • .„ : , 

boats are capable of rendermg is still to be 

determined, as their use in actual warfare is as yet almost untried. The- 
oretically the torpedo-boat's method of attack is to charge upon a ship 
at its full speed of twenty-five to thirty-eight miles an hour, and when 
within torpedo range to swing quickly around and let fly from the tubes 
nmidshi]). or the stern, or from these in succession. If discovered, she 
will have been under fire of the enemy's rapid-fire gnns since coming 
within a distance of three or four miles, and latterly under a hailstorm 
of missiles rroiii his machine-gun or even of bullets from the ritles of his 
nnirines. It is hard to see how a torpedo-boat could accomplish its 
purpose wlien attackiug in bi'oad daylight. The deadly work of these 
little craft must be done on dark nights or in foggy weather, or else 
under cover of a smoke-cloud in heavy engagements. 

Xotwitlistailding the torpedo-boat service is fraught with unusual 
danger, it has l)eeu eagerly sought by many of the younger officers of 
our navy. At any moment of iin action the frail craft is li;i])le to be 
destroyed by shot from thi' enemy's larger vessels, or perchance to 
he run down by one of his destroyers iset> lielowl. On the wnr-ships 
search-lights sweep the sea at night in every direction to guard against 
the approach of these dreaded intrmlers, the incessant watch for whom 
is weary, wearing work, all the more so because of its monotony. In 



56 CfnA AND SrANiSli-AMERTrAN WAR. 

the darkness llic innvin.n- torpedo is indic-ited lo Ilios*- liuiiiebing it by 
lanterns, whidi .-ire so sliai»ed as to lie visible oidy from the rear, and iu 
the dayiinie by siii;ill llaus. 

'I'o tliis siiiule and vividly imitresslve name the enni- 

DESTROYEkS. )),.,mf^ term tori)edo-boat (U>stroyers will doidilless soou 
be i-educed in current literatui'e. The destroyer is simply an enlartred 
torpedo-boat, provided with extra motive power for swiftness and extra 
lu'avy unns. It is thns (Miuipiied to c.-itch the stealthy little assassin 
of the seas and send him to the bottom. In torpedo-boats and destroyers 
the United States navy has bei-n very weak, jndged by the standard of 
naval strategists abroad. The Porter and Dupont (.see list on page ">0). 
while carried on tlie naval list as torpedo-lioats. conld do fair service 
also as destroyers; bnt the Hailey. Strin.uhani and (ioldsborough. all now 
approaching comi)letion. are onr first ves.sels distinctively of this type. 
A large additional number of destroyers, besides many torpedo-boats, 
are n(-\v luider way. ;ind liappily we liave the facilities for turning them 
out rapidly. Our new desiioyers will have a spet>d of from thirty to 
tliiiiy-tliree knots an liour, and eiicli will c.-irry several six-pounders 
and two or more torpedo-tnltcs. 

These c<uistilnte an entirely new essay in naval 

SUBMARINE -warfare, one which, if successful, will revolution- 

TORPEDOBOATS. j^^. ,, .,^ completely as did Ericsson's nmnitor that 
superseded wooden ships with armored ones, and ushered in a new 
era in the use of war projectiles. The rinnger. now nearly completed at 
I'liltiinore. w;is liuili I'l'om designs by liei' inventor. Mr. .John P. Hol- 
land. Il has ;i length of eighty-live feet and :\ breadth of eleven and 
one hair feet, with a displacement of one hundi'ed and sixty-eight tons. 
Its speed of sixt<'en knots on tlie-surfiice is reduced to ten when sub- 
merged. Tlie little conning lower rising scarcely three feet above its 
lo]) affords the ordinary opportunity for steering l»y observation. A 
small tube tit ted at its top with an inclined nurror or prism can be 
raised .aliove the cynning tower, and when the boat is entirely sub- 
merged the navigator steers by the piclure thrown down before hiin 
by the mirror. Of course, he h:is a compass, and the boat is also pro- 
vided witli .MU automatic gage \n register the depth at which it is 
moving bene.-ilii the surface. 

In tlie winter of b«!!lT-!»S Mr. Holland finished a 

THE HOLLAND sm.iller bo.it of similar type, which was tested 
DIVING-BOAT. ,,^. ,,|^. ^^.,^.^. j ),,,,., ,ti,ient in April. 18'.)S. bnt not then 
purchased. This boat, commonly spoken of as the "Holland." is fifty-five 
feet long, ten and om- fourth feet wide, and its displacement is fifty-five 
tons. It is built of steel, with the hull shaped like a cigar. Its motive 
power is of iwn kinds gas-*'ngines and storage batteries of great 
power. Tlie latU'i- lelectric) motor is for use when the boat is under 
waler. ( "ompressed-air tanks supply the crew with fresh air. so that, 



COMMON NAVAL TERMS EXPLAINED. 57 

if need be, complete submersion could be protracted, according to its 
inventor's ideas, for several hours at a stretch. The so-called diving 
is effected by altering the pitch of the horizontal rudders as the vessel 
moves tlirough the water, a"lid in this the water-ballast tanks also 
assist. Iteverse operations bring about the rising. For maintaining 
the little craft at her proper depth a delicate mechanism is employed 
similar to that used on the Whitehead torpedo. She has an under-water 
discharge tube at her bow for launching the deadly torpedo, also two 
other tubes. These latter two are inclined upward. The forward one, 
known as an aerial tori>edo-gun, is capable of throwing a shell contain- 
ing one hundred pounds of guncotton three fourths of a mile. Mr. 
Holland declared that with this gun he could destroy Morro Castle at 
Havana. From the third tube an under-water torpedo-gun, located 
astern, can throw a shell accurately two hundred yards under water. 

COMMON NAVAL TERMS EXPLAINED. 

Armament.— A collective term for all the guns (cannon) of a ship, their 
lumber and weight determining the strength of the armament. Guns 
o" six-inch caliber or over are styled great guns, and for these the 
projectile and the ex])losives are made up separately. (See Ilapld- 
tire guns, and Machine-guns.) 

Armor.— The iron or steel sheathing given the sides and exposed 
deck of a war-vessel, for its protection. 

Barbette.— Any good dictionary will give the meaning of this word as 
used in the science of military fortification. In sea warfare it 
means the steel wall, often from fifteen to nineteen Inches thick, built 
up from below and inclosing the lower half or more of the revolving 
turret where the heaviest guns of a fighting ship are placed. Its main 
purpose is to protect the turning-gear of the turret, and, of course, 
it also furnishes a strong additional protection to the turret itself. 

Battery.— A number of guns situated near, or at no great distance 
from, one another considered collectively. Also, the place where they 
are mounted. 

Conning-tower. —The armored tower forward at the base of the steel 
military mast. Directly above it is the pilot-house, which, however, 
is deserted in an engagement for the safer steerage-room aft and far 
below. The conning-tower is then the commander's post, whence he 
directs everything. Telephones and speaking-tubes put him in direct 
communication with the gun-stations, engine-rooms, steering-room, etc. 

Displacement.— The hull of a vessel riding the water displaces, of 
course, a certain quantity of it, Avhich, estimated by tons' weight, is 
called the vessel's displacement. 

Catling Gun. —The successful pioneer among machine-guns, so called 
'from its inventor, Dr. R. J. Gatling, of Indianapolis, 



58 ( ri!A ANM SI'AMSII-AMKKICAN WAK. 

Knot. A i::iiit ic:il mile w liicli. liy I lie I'liilcd Stiitcs (illici:il rcck- 
(iiiiij.i;-. consists of ('..(•Sd.liT feet, and It.v tin- Eiiiilish llic saiiu-. luiims llic 
Irnctioii. A staititc mile is r),2S0 tVct; lionco. a knot is nearly one sixlh 
more, so that a vessel niakin.u' twelve Icnots' speed, for e.\ain])le. is 
coverinii- a distance eiiual on land \o nearly ft)urteeu miles. 

Larboard. -Tlie left-hand side as one stands looking toward the Itow 
of I lie ship. Starl)oar(l is the rijj;ht-hand side. 

Machine-gun. On war-ve?isels a j;:un llriui;' shot and shell (not sniall- 
arnis anmmnilioni. and eoustruetod to maintain a continuous fire by 
automatic nicchauism. 

Marines. Troops enlisted for military service on shipboard, or at 
dockyards, instead of in the army. The Marine ('orps of the United 
States had a strength of 2,000 men before its recent increase. 

Privateer. —In time of war a vessel armed and otHcered by private 
[H'rsons. but actini;- luuh'r a commission (lotters of marquel fnjm some 
established government. I'rivateering was once a favorite war meas- 
uic. bin. being so iiuich like piracy, has now Iieen renounced iiy 
almost every civilized n.itioii. except Spain. 

Kapid-fire Guns.- Ordnance, of less than six-inch caliber, for whii h 
the iirojeci ilc and the explosive are put up as one whole. 

Squadron. A division of a lleet. or a (h'taclnnent of sliips eniploynl 
on a particular service or station. In common language, a sijuadron 
is fri'qtieutly sp(»ken of as a lleet. 

LOCATION OF UNITED STATES NAVY-YARDS. 

Tiie r.idnUyn. ^^^•lsllington ("ily and I'ciisacola navy yjirds ;ire 
located as indicated by their names. The League Island navy-yard is 
at riii!a<lelphia: Charleston, at Itoston; (iosport. near Norfolk. \a.' 
Killery, opI""^ib' rorlsmouth. .\. II.: Mare Island, near S;in I'rancisco. 
The uiivc!i;ment dry-dvtcks are at Brooklyn. N. Y., Tort Koyal, S. C, 
and S.m I'rancisco, ('a!. 

THE CUBAN (SPANISH) DEBT. 

The so-called Cuban debt iiractically represents the amounts which 
Spain lu.n-owed on the pledge of her ('id»an reveniu's ;is security, 
r.esidcs a lloaling <lebl tchietly arrears du«' the army, navy contractors, 
etc.. in Cuba), it consists of three series of bonds, issued in lS.S(i. 1S!Ml 
;ind ISIIC. respectively. These issues of stock aggreg:it(> .^I.Ti.^Oit.L'IM. 
while ilie ilo.iiing di>bl at tlic outbreak of the Spanish-. \nierican war 
amounted to .-ilioul .>^7i>.(I(»(1.(»(M). Tlie enormous total is more than .^•"••Ht 
)ter caiiiia for <'id>a's entire popnl.-itioii. 



CTJlBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 5!:) 

KINDS OF WAR-SHIPS. 

Id the clays of sailing vessels a "ship of the line" was a man-of-war 
sufficiently powerful to talce its place in the line of battle. Its successor 
in our times is the battleship, heavily armored, and carrying the largest 
guns. The battleships of the United States Navy cost on an average 
$3,000,000, exclusive of armament. Each is named after some one of the 
states of the Union. The Kearsarge is the only exception to this rule. 

The cruiser comes next in fighting value, more especially because of 
its speed, which quite surpasses that of the battleship. Cruisers built 
for the navy are always named after American cities, instead of states. 

An armored cruiser has both side and decli armor, which, however, 
is not nearly so thiclc as a battleship's. 

A protected cruiser has deck armor only. An unprotected cruiser, tliough 
perhaps carrying powerful guns, is without armor, either on deck or 
side. Such are the great transatlantic or the Gulf "liners," lately 
chartered by the United States government for naval service. 

Agunboat is a small, light-draft vessel of SOO to 2,000 tons, designed 
for gun-power rather than speed or coal-carrying capacity. In a 
loose way any small boat fitted up with one or more guns is often 
called a gunboat. A special class of rather small gunboats recently 
added to the United States navy are called composite gunboats, 

A monitor is a light-draft, very low, heavily armored vessel of the 
peculiar type invented by Ericsson (who gave the name Monitor to the 
first specimen of it), and carrying on deck one or two revolving turrets 
that contain one or more great guns. Monitors combine, in remarkable 
degree, high gun-power and limited exposure, but at sea they are 
slow, clumsy and uncomfortable. 

A ram is- built, not for gun-power, but for strength combined with 
speed, its purpose being to crush in the side of an enemy's vessel. The 
United States ram Katahdiu is the only vessel of its type in the world. 

A converted vessel is one that has been altered from a revenue cutter, 
merchantman, tug, or the like, and armed. 

First-class Vessels, Second-class, etc.— The rating of a ship must not be 
confounded with its class. In the United States Navy the rating is 
determined, not as formerly, by the number of guns carried, but wholly 
by size. A vessel of the first rate is one Avith a displacement of .5.000 
tons or over; second rate is below 5,000 down to 3,000 tons; third rate, 
below 3,000 down to 1,000 tons; fourth rate, below 1,000 tons. In Euro- 
pean official and American popular usage tlie terms first-class, second- 
class, etc., do not express fighting value absolutely, but merely the 
relative importance of different vessels of the same type— battleships 
compared with other battleships, cruisers with other cruisers, and so 
on. In close action a cruiser of the first class might be no match for 
a battleship of the second class. 



m 



CtrilA AND SVANIRlI-AMEmrAN WAU. 



NAVIES OF LEADING NATIONS AND SPAIN. 

At the lic.niniiin.L;' of IS'.tS tlic navies of tlic Icadiii.i;- nations and 
Spain (serviceable vessels) were constitnled as below. Of "obsolete 
vessels" Spain had 5",), nearly all wooden craft, and tlie I'nited States 11. 
The fightins' strength of the American navy was largely augmented 
during the lirst live months of IS'JS, while that of Spain was stationary, 
her additions no more than offsetting her losses in Manila bay, on 
May 1st, in the engagement with the American lleet under Com- 
modore Dewey 



Class of Vessels. 


X 


2 
i 


5 


6 






"C Si. 


(f. 

D 


Battlesliip.s, 1st class 


!) 

2 
45 

6 
84 
14 
30 

2 
74 

16 

401 

5 

34 

18 
230 


1 

2 
51 


29 
1,371 

24 

829 

(i 

](l(i 

11 
129 

JS 
863 

123 

2,897 

3 

72 

42 

117 
20 

103 
51 
32 

107 

219 


].■) 

672 

9 

292 

12 
224 

12 
104 

13 
337 

47 

1,131 

14 

349 
16 
67 
33 
17 
46 

149 
54 

• 105 


(> 

200 

10 

2.5.5 

8 

140 

11 

33 

7 

270 

13 

285 

6 

93 

2 


n 

a5:{ 

2 

i;59 
9'' 




14 


Guns of Same 


ii) 

2W 

lb 
4 

16 

2 

110 

8 
52 

2 
23 


45t) 


Battlesliips, 2d and 3d classes 


4 


Guns of Same 

Sea-goinsi Const Defense 


120 

7 






104 




2 

9 

8 

208 

12 
259 

4 

45 
11 
17 
13 
17 
11 
28 

9 

_25 


21 


Guns of Same 




2;«J 


Armored Cruisers 


8 
343 

23 
547 


14 




424 


Protected and Partially Protected 
Cruisers 


3 


Guns of Same 


79 


Unprotected Cruisers 


20 


Guns of Same 




283 


Gunboats, 1st class 




12 


Guns of Same 






68 


Gunt)oats, 2d aiid .fd class 


1 

18 

104 

54 

16 

47 


2 

18 

117 

4 
70 

55 


8 
11 
36 

5 
.^5 

21 


2 


Torpedo-lioat l)i'strovers 


3 

18 

1 
2 


39 


Torpe(lo-l)oats, 1st class 

2d " 


88 
6 


" .'id " 


97 


Dispatch, Train! hr. Transport, Ko- 
pair. Tugs and Miscellaneous 
Vessels 


98 






Total Vessels 


164 

i,;«i 

■:■ 982 
■:- 12,000 


143 
624 

1,009 

16,300 

400 

6,920 


78,S 
6,3S) 

2.243 

.58,916 

746 

17,842 


452 
3.176 

2.220 
49.3110 

1.04(1 
27,800 


.30.3 
l,27(i 

967 
17,820 

226 
2,.500 


314 
1,472 

795 

20,4(Mi 

83 

440 


Hi 

617 

11,9<I0 

76 

720 


425 


Total (iuns 


1,773 


OfllccrR 


1.2riO 


Seamen 


:«>,(K)0 

;tS2 


" — Soldiers 




2,890 








Total Active List 


13.582 
2.800 


24,629 
2,5,000 


79,947 
8.3,000 


80.920 
84,350 


21,513 
37,000 


21,724 
19.600 


1.3,.313 
2,060 


40,.5.32 


Naval Reserves 


45,000 







'■' Includes marine corps. 

.Japan at the end of 1897 had in her navy 5 first-class and 2 smaller battleships, 
carrj'iiig in all 2.33 guns; 6 coast-defense vessels, with 34 guns; 4 armored and 22 
unarmored cruisers; 9 gunboats; 147 torpedo-boats, nearly all second aud third 
class; other vessels, 9. 



KANK AND I'AY IN TlIK ARMY AND NAVY. 



61 



RANK AND PAY IN THE ARMY AND NAVY. 

FoUowiun' is tlic iHiiiivaleiit rank of eoiuuiissioued 
EQUIVALENT RANK. ^^^^^^ ,^ ^^^^ ^,^^,^ ]yrauches of service: 



Army. Navy. 

Second Lieutenant Ensign 

First Lieutenant.. ..Lieutenant (Junior) 

Captain Lieutenant 

Major Lieutenant-Commander 

Lieutenant-Colonel Commander 



Army. Navy. 

Colonel Captain 

Brigadier-General Commodore 

Major-General Rear-Admiral 

Lieu tenant-General Viee- Admiral 

General Admiral 



The grades of General and Lieutenaut-General in the army, and Admiral 
and Vice-Admiral in the navy, have been abolished, but are subject to revival 
at the pleasure of Congress. Cadets, whether military or naval, are not com- 
missioned officers, though drawing pay as named below. 



PAY OF ARMY OFFICERS. 



Army officers, in active service, receive 
yearly pay as follows: 



Grade. 



Major-General 

Brigadier-General 

Colonel 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Major 

Captain, mounted 

Captain, not mounted 

First Lieutenant, mounted 

First Lieutenant, not mounted 

Second Lieutenant, mounted 

Second Lieutenant, not mounted.... 



Firsts 
Years' 
Service. 



87,500 
5,5(10 
3,500 
3,000 
2.500 
2,000 
1,800 
1,600 
1,500 
1,500 
1,400 



After 5 

Years' 

Service. 



8^,850 
3,300 
2,7.50 
2,200 
1,980 
1,760 
1,650 
1,6.50 
1,540 



After 10 
Years' 
Service. 



«4,200 
3,600 
3,000 
2,400 
2,160 
1,920 
1,800 
1,800 
1,680 



After 15 

Years' 

Service. 



-«4,.500 
3,900 
3,2.50 
2,600 
2,340 
2,080 
1,9.50 
1,9.50 
1,820 



After 20 
Years' 
Service. 



-$4,500 
-4,000 
3,500 
2,800 
2,520 
2,240 
2,100 
2,100 
1,960 



'■'The maximum pay of Colonels is limited to J4,.500, and of Lieutenant- 
Colonels to $4,000. 

Besides free instruction, cadets at the West Point Military Academy receive 
$•540 yearly pay. A Chaplain's pay is the same (including successive increases of 
10, 20, 30 and 40 per cent for continued service) as given in the table for First 
Lieutenant, not mounted. 



PAY OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 



Naval officers on the active list receive 
yearly pay as follows: 



Rank. 



At Sea. 



On Shore 
Duty. 



On Leave 

orWaiting 

Orders, 



Rear- Admirals 

Commodores 

Captains 

Commanders 

Lieutenant-Commanders* ... 

Lieutenants'-' 

Lieutenants (.Junior Grade) 

Ensigns'^' 

Chaplains t 



$6,000 
5,000 
4,.500 
3,500 
2,800 
2,400 
1,800 
1,200 
2.500 



S5,000 
4,000 
3,.500 
3,000 
2,400 
2,000 
1,.500 
1,000 
2,000 



84,000 
3,000 
2,800 
2,300 
2,000 
1,600 
1,200 
800 
1,600 



*Pay increases S200 per annum four years from date of commission. 
tPay increases $300 per annum five years from date of commission. 
Besides free instruction, cadets at the Annapolis Naval Academy receive 
8500 yearly p^y. 



Q2 CrBA AND SPAMSll-AMKRICAN WAtt. 

CAPE VERDE AND CANARY ISLANDS. 

A m-Hiii of islands bclou.uinfi- lo Portujxal, in 
CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, ^j^^' ^,, .,,„•„. ,,,.,..111. off llic wcstcruiiiost point 
of Afr'H'a. 'I'lH-y lie in the siinic latitndc as the C.-ntral Anua-ican state 
of Honduras. 'I'olal area, about I.CSO sqn.aro miles, with a poinilation 
of ll.->.(Mii). nine tenths Itcin,;:- nc.urocs and uiulaltoos. Porto Trayo is the 
capilal. ri-oni St. Vincent, the piiiK-ipal harbor of the Caite Verde 
islands, to Porto Piieo is 2.(i<»0 niiU's. 

("Do'u: islands." front llio Latin word Canis. a dog.) 
CANARY ISLANDS. ^ ^.^^^^jj^ ^^^. i^i,,„,|„ ,,,•,• ,i„. ,vost coast of Africa, in 

Mboul tlic saiur lalittide as 'lainpa. I'Morida. In round nunil)ers tliey are 
srvru hundred miles from Cadiz. S|>ain. and nine hundred miles from 
llii" Cipe \erde isl.ands. ToLal area. 2.Si).s s<iuare mih's. Population 
iiicaiiy all of Spanish or mixed oriiiini. about :!l(t.(MM». The capital is 
Sant.a Cm/, de San1ia.i;o ("Holy Cross of St. .I;i.Li-o"». but is often spoken 
of as 'I'eiierilfe. beinji' near the famous pc^ak of that name. The former 
cai»ital was Las Pabnas. The Canaries are a valued possession of Spain. 

LADRONE AND CAROLINE ISLANDS. 

The Ladrone and Caroline .uroups. with the Marshall 
THELADRONES. j^,.,,,,,^ (C.-rmant .and (iilbert islands (British), hun- 
dreds of miles eastward, constitute Micronesia, a name well and 
once hapiiily known in missiomiry circles the world over. They are all 
coral islets, a thousand of them, risinj; only a few feet out of the sea 
anil steepeil in jierpetual summer. The Ladrones r(>ach u]) to the direct 
paihw.iy of liie ste.amer and at about live sevenths of the distance 
from Ijoncdulu to M.anila. The princi])al island. (Juam. which lies a few 
hundred nnies south of the direct route, was taken possession of .Tune 
•Jlsl by the lirst Pliilippine exix'ditioii. one comiiai'.y of the L'ourteenth 
Lnited Slates regulars reiil.-ieinL;- Hie Siianish u.aia'ison of lifty-folir 
men. who, with the .uovernor and other otHcers. were carried ])risoners 
to Civile. The score or two of Ladrone islands have a total area not 
mueii exceediiii,' KMt square miles, with a population .if about Id.tMKI. 

These lie south of Hie Ladrones. and exli'iid further 
THE CAROLINES. .^^^ jj^,|,^_ ^..iiii^, Aineri<an missionaries in lS.-)2. in 

the barU.-iniiiie .Mornin.n- Star. paid for with moneyraised by th(> children 
in Christian homes ihrouirhout the Tniled States. Their work prospered 
-really till, in an evil hotn-.iu 1SNT. the Spaniards ai)peared with a claim 
of sovereii:nty. and be-^an harryiiiL' the n.alives (who later turned upon 
and massaia-ed their opi)ressorsi. and in violalicui of repeated pledges 
comiiclled tin- missionaries, by successive encro.-icliments. to abandon 
liieir work. They eventually coHeclcil .<17..".<»> for the mission property 
destroveil. but were never able to return. 



PORTO RICO. 63 

PORTO RICO. 

Porto (or Puerto) Rico is tbe fourth in size of tlie 
LOCATION AND West Indiau Islands, Hayti being the second and 

DIMENSIONS. Jamaica the third. It was discovered by Colum- 
bus iu 141)3, on his second voyage, and in the early years of the foUow- 
iug century was governed by Ponce de Leon, famous in American 
history froin his fruitless search for the fountain of youth among the 
wilds of Florida. Spain held the island for upward of four centuries, 
though she had to fight for it more than once with the Dutch and the 
English. It is about 450 miles east of Cuba (in latitude a trifle further 
soutli), and is separated from it by Hayti and the adjoining straits. 
From Havana to San Juan, Porto Eico, the voyage is at least one 
thousand miles. The island's length is variously given by different 
authorities as from ninety to one hundred and eight miles. Its greatest 
breadth is thirty-seven miles, and its total area about 3,550 square miles. 
Between Porto Rico and Hayti flow the waters of the Mona Passage. 
From east tO' west Porto Rico is traversed by 
SURFACE, STREAMS ^ range of hills so situated that the streams 
AND FORESTS, flowing northward are much longer than those 
flowing south. The highest district is situated near the southeast corner 
where the peak of El Yunque attains an altitude of 3,G00 feet. As 
the hills interc'^-ijt the northwest trade-winds, with their rain-clouds, 
there is sometimes a superabundance of moisture in the northern low- 
lauds, yet severe droughts in the south. The island is, upon the whole, 
exceptionally well watered, 1,300 streams being enumerated, of Avhich 
forty-seven are large enough, from the European standard, to pass 
for rivers. Its general appearance is very beautiful. Forests in tlieir 
tropical depth of green still cover all tlie higher portions of tlie hills. 
Roads and bridges, though somewliat improved of late years, are 
still the great want of the island. 

The two great staples of this fertile island are sugar and 
coffee, besides which tobacco, cotton, rice and Indian 
corn are extensively raised. Yams and plantains are also cultivated. 
Oranges, cocoanuts and other tropical fruits likewise receive attention 
and thrive luxuriantly. The principal food of the agricultural laboring 
clasis is a variety of mountain rice, grown without flooding. On the 
loAvland pastures large herds of excellent cattle are reared to supply 
butcher-meat for St. Thomas (Danish) and the French islands of the 
Lesser Antilles. Porto Rico's exports ($18,000,000 annually) exceed 
Jamaica's more than two to one, consisting mainly of sugar and 
molaKses, coffee, honey, tobacco, beef and hides. A large part of the 
tobacco has always been sent to Havana, there to be manufactured, 
under the government monopoly, into cigars. Gold, iron, copper, coal 
and salt ai"e all found in Porto Rico, but only the last is worked. 



PRODUCTS. 



t>4 CUBA AND SI'ANISH-AMEUICAN WAR. 

Tlic population of sonu' SOO.OOO is about three tiftlis 

POPULATION. ^yi,i,^. .,i„i t^y^^ lifths i)lack. Ainon.i,' the people of 
Europeau origlu are Si)auiartls, (iermaus, fSwedes, Daues, liussiaiis aud 
Fri'neluuen, besides the deseeudauts of Moorish Jews aud natives of the 
Canary Islands. There are also a uumber of Chinese. 

San Juan de Puerto Rico (commonly abbreviated to 

bAN JUAN, gg^jj Juan), on the north coast, is the principal town, 

Tnt CAPITAL ^^ ^,^^1 as the capital. It was founded, by Ponce de 
Leon, in l")!!, and is built on an island named Morro, connected with 
the mainland by bridges. The harbor is one of the best in the West 
Indies, having a comparatively unobstructed entrance, and even at the 
wharves a depth of ten to fifteen feet. The toA\ n of San Juan, with its 
district, has a population of about oO.OOO. It figures in history as a 
place of some military strength, and contains the palace of the governor- 
general in the old fort of Santa Catalina, bishop's palace, cathedral, 
government arsenal, town-house, theater, etc. It is regularly laid out, 
well drained, and one of the nicxst healthful towns in the West Indies. 
Tho fortifications of San Juan Avere materially strengthened during the 
early mouths of IS'.KS, and the harbor is said to have been mined. 

Ponce, three miles inland from the south coa.st, is 

OTHEK TOWNS, ^j^^ ^^^^^ most important town, and in general appear- 
ance rather more modern, containing among other public buildings a 
towu hall, hospital and Episcopal church, and it is lighted with ga.s by 
an English company. Mayaguez, on the west coast, is also situated 
several miles inland, and is separated from its port by a river, of 
late years liridgtMl. The only other towns of any importance are 
(Juayama on, aud Coama near, the south coast, Aguadilla in the north- 
west corner of the island, and Ar(>cibo on the north coast. 

I'esides San Juan there are only two or three 

HARBORS, ROADS s.>(ure harbors in the whole island. The others 
AND RAILROADS. .,,.,. „.,..,,i„.,iiy tilling up. and can be utilized by 
light-draft vessels only. This and the greatly iufericn' size of Porto 
Uico would make its blockade much easier of accomplishment tli.iu 
Cub.a's. Since 1S,S."» several miniature railroads have been built along 
(he easier grades near the coast. The latest and best mai>s still show 
hoiise-trails to be .almost (he only means of communication (hroughou( 
(he greater part of (he interior. Koads are still the great want. 

The aboriginal inhabitants were soon swept away 

SPANISH RULE. ^^^. ,j|^.j|. s^,,;,„jj.i, conipierors. and aluuKst no vestiges 
of llieni niiiMiii. In isi'o ,1 mov*'ment looking toward independence was 
set on Inoi in Porto Itico. but by ISi.':! Sjuiin had completely re-estab- 
lished her sui)reniacy. Porto Kico h.is its own governor-general aud a 
measure of autonomy, having been decreed in 1870 a province of 
Spain. I'or administrative purposes it is divided into seven depart- 
ments. The l:ist traces of slavery were abolished in 1ST3. 



The PHiLiPrixNE islands. B5 

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

[Other important in formation is given on page 4ii.] 

The Pliilippiue Islands were discovered by 
GENEKAL DESCRIPTION. jjjjio-,.iiau iu ir,21. Spanish conquest besan 
in incf), and in 1571 the capital was established at Manila. The Phil- 
ippines constitute an important archipelago southeast of the continent 
of Asia, extending from 4° 40' to 20° north latitude, and from 116° 40' 
to 126° 80' east longitude from Greenwich. The principal ones, from 
north to south, are Luzon, Camarines, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Penay, 
NegTos, Cebu, Bohol, Mindanao. Palawan and the Sulu group of islands. 
The most northerly groups are the Batanes and Babuyanes, between 
Luzon and Formosa. They are quite unimportant. All the islands may 
be characterized as mountainous and hilly, and much of the archipelago 
has imdoubtedly been heaved from below the sea-level within compar- 
atively recent times. It is believed to contain a considerable amount 
of undeveloped mineral wealth. 

The working volcanoes are now comparatively 
VOirANOF^ AND 

VULV.Al'MWCi AINU ^^^^ ^^^ g^j^jg ^^ ^j^gj^ ^^^^ jjggjj ^^j.y yiolj^ut 

EARTHQUAKES, ^j^jji^ q„j|g i-^eent times. In 1814 a terrible 
eruption of the Albay, or Mayon, volcano, in the southeastern part of 
Luzon, partially destroyed seA^eral large villages, and proved fatal to 
12,000 persons, the matter thrown out forming vast deposits deep 
enough in some places near the mountain to bury the loftiest trees. A 
similar fate befell the same district during the eruption of 1867. On 
the thirty-lirst of October, 1876, one of the terrible storms for which 
the Philippines are notorious burst on this same mountain, pouring 
down whose sides and sweeping along the loose volcanic debris, the 
floods brought destruction on many settlements below, tilling up the 
roads, breaiving doAvn the bridges and completely mining upward of 
6,000 houses. In the great wild island of Mindanao three volcanoes 
have been destructively active, at intervals, up to a late date. Earth- 
quakes are so frequent and violent as to determine the styles adopted 
in the erection of the buildings. In 1874 they were felt daily for several 
weeks. But the most violent on record occurred in July, 1880, when 
the destruction of property was immense. 

The climate is genuinelv tropical, with three seasons — the 
cold, hot and wet. The cold extends from November to 
February or March. The winds are then northerly, and, though there is 
no need for fire, woolen garments can be worn with comfort in the 
mornings; the sky is usually clear and the atmosphere bracing; and for- 
eigners look forward to this period as the most enjoyable of the year. 
During the hot season, from March to .Tune, the heat becomes very 
oppressive before the beginning of the southerly monsoon. Thunder- 
storms, often of terrific violence, are liable to occur in May and June. 



66 CUBA AND SPAXTSII-AMERTCAN WAR. 

Tlio wi't st'jisOu covers .Inly, Auiiust, Si'itlciiiluT .iiiil OcIoIxt. avIicii the 
fain comes down in torrents, and lari[j;e ti'Mcts of the h)wer country are 
tlooth'd. The northern islands lie in the re.uion of the typhoons. At 
Manila tlie mean temperature for the cold season is about 72; hot 
season. S7, and wet season. S4i/1> degrees. 

KicG is the staple food of the natives, wlio cultivate it 

^ extensively. But the plants of prime importance are 

Manila hemp, sugar-cane, tobacco, cotfee and cocoa. Abaca, or Manila 
hemp, is grown in the southeast of Luzon and in Samar. Leyte and 
ISohol. Its cultivation requires little trouble, and the plantations, usually 
small, are each the property of a native family. Hand labor and u few 
simple machines of native construction are all that is required in tlie 
I)reparation of the fiber, from which are made ropes and cables of 
great durability, while its finer grades are Avoveu into fabrics suitable 
for wearing-ajiparel. which is often beautiful and of high cost. Other 
qualities fnniisli tli>' material for maidng the mMiula-i)ap('r so famil- 
iar to all. 

The exports of sugar, as of other products, are mostly sliipped from 
Manila, thougli nearly 2.0()(),0(M> pounds are exported from lloilo (on the 
island of I'anay). which is tlie port next in inq)ortance. Most of the 
larger plantations, some of them exceeding one tlKuisand acres, are 
monastic property, and are leased out to Chinese half-breeds, who are 
said to succeed mucii Ix'tter than Euroi)eans. Colfee was introduced, 
probably from Brazil, in the latter i)art of the eighteeutli century, but 
it was 182(i befor(> the first plaulatioii on a larg(> scale was formed. 
Tobacco was m.ade a government monopoly in 17S1. and remained such 
till 1SS2. Thougli any one might grow tlic i)iaiit to any extent he 
pleased, the governiiUMit was the only luirchaser. fixed its own price, 
and. ])aying its debts according to its own convenience, was sometimes 
thr(>e or four years in arrears. Besides, certain districts were bound 
to furnisli a certain (piality of the leaf, and thus the peasant was forc«'d. 
under severe penalties, to devote himself to the tobacco crop, when 
ofttMitimes he would have obtaini'd better results from something els<>. 
Nearly ;'()().(MM >.()()() cigars have been manufactured annually, in .six 
factories, ('mploying twenty thousand hands, about oii(> third for for- 
eign ex|(ort and liie rest fur lioiiic consumption. 

TiKlrr il;ite of I'cltniarv 2S, 1S!>S. the T'nil»Ml 

IMPORTANCE OF ^,.„„^ ,.„„^„, .„ ,,,„n,;Mr. Oscar F. Williams. 

AMERICAN TRADE. ,||.|^,^, .,,| ,.].,i„„.;ite olticial report resp.'cting the 
riiilip|)ines. in wliicli lie said: "Local authorities estimate the area of 
tlu' l'iiiliiii)incs :il 1.".ii.(mmi v;i|u;ire miles, aiid Ilie population at l.".(MMt.()00. 
Twenty-two consulates are (>stablislicd .'it Manila. The volume of tlie 
export trade coming under my official siqiervision equals that of my 
twenty-one consular colleagues coml)iiied. The trade of the Philiiipines 
with tlie T'nit«'d States is growing at a remarkable rate. To-day I 



THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



67 



have authenticated invoices for export amountius to $13S.0(;6. During 
the last three uiontlis 210,000 bales of hemp were exported; of these 
13(3,7!>2 went to the United States, and 7'J,20S to Great Britain and other 
countries. Last year the increase of hemp shipments to the United 
Slates was 137.000 bales. Of tlie total increased shipments from the 
I'hilippiues, those to the United States Avere fifty-four per cent .urealer 
than to all other countries together. In the item of sugar, which is 
the second in importance among the exports, the shipment to the United 
States was lifty-tive per cent of the total to all points." 

This is one of the great emporiums of the East. 

CITY OF MANILA, rj^j^^, principal street of New Manila (that part north 
of Pasig river), is the Escolta, lined with innumerable shops and 
stalls, and crowded with a strange and motley population of various 
races. The Rosario is given over to the Chinese shops. In New Manila 
the streets are straight, but most of them unpaved, and during the 
rains almost impassable. The outlying districts of New Manila consti- 
tute the Binondo suburb, where many of the residences are airy cot- 
tages, reared amid groves of tropical trees, raised on posts to permit the 
free passage of the waters in the rainy season, and so constructed as-, 
by their elasticity, to withstand earthquake shoclvS. Manila is a city 
of suburbs. Cavite, seven miles to the south, is very important as the 
location of the naval arsenal, etc. The northern suburbs are mostly 
given over to different lines of textile and other manufactures. Bulacan, 
five miles above Binondo, is a hive of fabricating industries. On the 
Avest shore of the bay, twenty-five miles across from ^Manila, is the 
fashionable resort of Balauga. 

Manila has six daily newspapers, three banks, a mint, a chamber 
of commerce and complete electric-light and telegraph plants. The 
Mexican silver dollar is in general use. There are four regular steam- 
ship lines to Hong Kong and a monthly line to Uiverpool. The leading 
railroad into the interior is first-class, having steel rails, stone culverts, 
and English engines capable of drawing trains forty-five miles an hour. 
Under Spain the Philippines have been subject 

SPANISH ^^^ j^ governor-general with supreme powers, assist- 

ADMINISTRATION. ^^^ ^^ ^ "junta of authorities," consisting of the 
archbishop, tlie commander of the forces, the admiral, the president of 
the supreme court, etc.; also by a central junta of agriculture, industry 
and commerce, and by a council of administration. In the provinces 
and districts the chief power was in the hands of alcades, and of 
governors combining both civil and military power. The Spanish 
method of raising revenues was simple enough. It consisted of naming 
some prominent and wealthy native the "cabeca de baraugay" of a 
certain village or group of fnmilies, and making him responsible, some- 
times to his complete beggary, for the collection of the tribute that had 
been assessed on his district. Chinese were subject to special taxes. 



68 CUBA AND SPANISU-AMERICAN WAU. 



POPULATION. 



The great bulk of the population is made up of different 
tribes of Malays, some of them semi-civilized and 
uoiniiially Christian (Roman Catholics), some pagan savages; while 
others, a little higher in civilization than the latter, arc Molianunedans. 
The strougliokl of these last is the island of Miudauau, though 
there are iudcpcudent native tribes in the interior of nearly all 
the other larger islands as well. Of Europeans other than Spaniards, 
tlie number in the Philippines is few, divided between many nation- 
alities. Many half-breeds, especially Chinese mestizos, are seen in 
Manila and elsewhere in Luzon, Chinese immigrants, in spite of mas- 
sacres and administrative restrictions, form a powerful element in the 
riiilippiues. There is hardly a town or large village in which they 
are not found, petty trade and banlcing being nearly all in their hands. 

HAWAII (OR SANDWICH) ISLANDS. 

The Sandwich Islands were discovered in 1778 by Captain James 
Cook, who was afterward killed there by the cannibal natives. They 
were civilized and Christianized chiefly through the efforts of American 
missionaries, who began their work in 1820. The group comprises 
tifteen islands, the eight inhabited ones having a total area of G.740 
s(piare miles (one sixth that of Ohio), as follows: Hawaii. 4.121(J; 
Maui, 7()(); Oahu, 000; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lauai. 1.10; Niliau, 1)7; 
Kahoolawe, (53. They are 2,100 miles from San Francisco, in a south- 
west direction, being about one third the total sailing distance from 
San Francisco to Manila. They owe their importance chiefly to their 
position, far out in the broad Pacific, in the line of commerce between 
the Pacific states and British Columbia on the one side, and Japan, 
(Miina and Australasia on the other. The climate is healthful, with 
sca-brei'zes and moderate rains; mean temperature about seventy-five 
degrees, the tliermonieter having a range of only tliirty degrees. The 
Hawaii Islands and Cul)a are in precisely the same latitude. 

The most striking feature under this head is the 

POPULATION. Qt.^.,.j.ase of the natives from about 200,000 in 1878 to 
less tliMii sixteen per cent of that number. A census taken early lu 
1S07 gave a total population of 100.020. as follows: Ilawaiians, 31.019; 
part Ilawaiians, 8,18."); .lapauese, 2-i.l(»7: Cliiuese. 21.(il(;; Portuguese, 
l."».l(Hi; Americans, 3.080: Uritisli. 2.2.">(t; otlier nationalities. 3.0."^7. The 
,\mericans tlius number not (piite three per cent of the wliole. while the 
natives are (luite exceeded by the combined count of the .lapauese and 
Clnnese, nearly all imported l.-iborers on the sugar plantations. 

Sugar Is the gre:it slajile. Kice. coffee, liides. bananas 

PRODUCTS, .jiii^ ^^.^,|,j .ij.^. .jj^^^ exported. Fine crops of wheat are 
raised in the upl:uiils, .iiid live stock of all the ordinary varieties thrive 
well. Among the minor crops in the valleys are cotton, tobacco, yams. 



HAWAII (OK SAXDWICH) ISI.ANDS. 69 

iUTowfoot and cacao. Ninety per cent of the conmierco is with the 
United States. The hitest anuiial report gives the value of .sugar 
exports at Jf'T.OTG.OOO: rice, .');1C)2.0(I0: bananas, ^103,000. 

i.rx».^. .,. ., '^'li'=^ '*^ ^lif l»i'iiit-ipal port, as well as the capital. It is 
HONOLULU. ■. . 1 v^i • 1 1 4-- /> , 1 , , , . 

situated on the island ot Oahu, and had a population in 

1S07 of 2S.0(il. Nearly all its trade is in the hands of Americans and 

Europeans. Honolulu has most of the local features of an enterprising 

American city, ami is lighted by electricity. There are seventy-one 

miles of railroad iu the islands, and two hundred aud tifty miles of 

telegraph. A submarine telegraph between Honolulu and San Frau- 

ci.sco is likely to l)e laid at lio distant date. 

HAWAIIAN Each of the islands originally had its own chief, but 

nci/r>i iiTirkM «liortly before the American missionaries went there 
REVOLUTION. ^, ^ ,. , , . 

the government was consolidated into one kingdom 

by Kamehameha I. Constitutions, increasingly liberal, were granted in 
1.S40, is:y2 and 1.SS7. Queen Liliuokalani, who succeeded to the throne 
in 1891, desired more power for herself aud the native population, and 
in January, 1SU3, attempted to force her cabinet to approve a new 
constitution drafted on those lines. In consequence she Avas deposed 
January 17th, bj' a Committee of Public Safety, aud a provisional gov- 
ernment was formed under the presidency of Sauford W. Dole (sou 
of an American missionary), to continue until a treaty of annexation 
with the United States should l)e concluded. The treaty to this end 
which President Harrison sent to the United States Senate was with- 
drawn iu ;March, 1803, by Pre.sident Cleveland. 

On the fourth of Juiy. 18!t4, a republic was pro- 
ANNEXATION claimed, with Mr. Dole as president for a six-yi«ars' 

ACCOMPLISHED. ^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ world soon grew accustomed to the 
idea of the absorption of HaAvaii by the Uuited States, aud at length the 
advantages of utilizing the island as a naval base for our operations iu 
the Philippines broke down the opposition of Cougress. The fate of the 
annexation treaty in the Senate being still in doubt, Ivepreseutative 
F. (4. Newlauds, of Nevada, proposed a joint resolution designed to 
accomplish the same end. It passed the Hou.se June 15, 1898, by a vote 
of 209 to 01; the Senate July 0th, by 42 to 21, and the next day was 
signed by the president. The resolution provided for a commission of 
five, tAvo of them resident HaAvaiians (the Americans appointed by 
the president being Senators Morgan aud Culloiu and Congressman 
Hitt), to recommend to Congress such legislation as they might deem 
advisable; assumed the public debt of HaAvaii, not to exceed $■4,000,000; 
prohibited Chinese immigration; .abrogated Hawaiian treaties Avith for- 
eign powers; and, pending p<'rma!ieiit l(\gislation by Congress, placed 
the island under control of the president, who was lik(«wise empowered 
to appoint persons to put into effect a pnnisional government. 



7(t 



CtTBA AND SI'AMSU-AMERICAN WAK. 



INDEX 



AcciTiKli'i'iis Y ;{(! 

Amiihli.ns Y::8 

Al.|iii/.:ir N 11 

Arimuiii.ih M 11 

Aiii..vri liliiuco T •_•!• 

Arlriiiis;! M in 

It.'ililii (!<■ (iiianlaii- 

Jiiiiii Y :{!l 

r.:ilii.ili(.li(l:i M !) 

Itillics L 11 

I'.ar.-icoa \\' 4:i 

I'larraiicMS W :!4 

I'.a. SaiiiM Maria. . . .S 2<i 

l!a. SI a. Clara I. IS 

I'.alabario S V2 

I'.a.vaiiii. W :» 

W. lie Malaiizas L IT. 

r..'.|u«a.l M I'J 

r.'Tiiif.ja M 1") 

r.(ii-a tif <'aral)i'las. J} :\\ 

I'.nia i1.' .rarnct, L 1."? 

I'.iK-a (Ic la Yaua u* 

(Ic Mnmii () 1.'7 

r.'y Alliiil'cra ilrCiia- 

• liaiia I' 4 

Calianas M 10 

Caliip ill' Ciir/. Y :10 

«'al.n ill' S. Alllollin. .(} 1 
( aiharicii N L':! 

< 'aiiiiaiirra Y XO 

Ca.iio \11 

Caliiiii'li' \ IS 

• 'alvaiio L 12 

( 'aiiia^'iu'.v (iiorlhcrii 

piiiiit of Eastern 

TriHlia P27 

Caniariix-a L Ifi 

t'aiias L ir> 

< 'a nasi I> IT. 

Caiii'V X :!S 

<'aii(. M l-J 

Caiil.'l L If! 

Carahalli- I. 14 

Caiilciias I, 17 

('artam'na <M!) 

<'asimia M l.-, 

Caiili. Alia.i.0 W :\7 

• 'aiitii del Kiiihai'ca- 

(l.ri. V.l:! 

Cayamas V :!.'{ 

Cirin (Jiiayaliii X 40 

cii'iia^a (If /aiiala .N lo 

< 'li'iifMCK<i« ( I'lip- -Jf'.- 

!m;|i PI!) 

Cirili'lllrs M -Jl 

Tniii'lia M 21 

Ci.iral Nn.'vi. M i:! 

• 'iirral Nih-vd L ir« 

<'i.nl.'iilis liay K :'. 

Cuirli'iili'S (CaiiiM. . . .K 4 
<'s. lie Maiizanilli). .\V :!2 

Ciilillas U .'10 

Kl C.l.n. X .•?7 

Kni-ariiaila X .'!" 

?:iis. .1.' Mariaiiau. ..1,11 

Katii ••nmlia X 14 

Kan. I!i>ii<all (/ 2 

l'"ar>i Vai}:as Y :!0 

Cranial. 's O .". 

(;ni|)i) (itiaiiiKiiaiilfo.o 4 



OF THE MAP OF 

< iiiailaliipi' r 2r( 

< iiiaiinaii) T .■'.2 

<;iiala.i M 11 

(Jiiaiialiaciia L 12 

< ; nana liana >I l.". 

Cuanahai. M 11 

(Jnaiialid L i:! 

(inaiialiacabibi's d'e- 

iiinsula nf) Q :'> 

(Jtiana.jay M 11 

(iiiaiiajayaliii M 17 

(•iiantaiiaiiK) Bay . . . .Y •'!)! 

(Jiiaslnias L Id 

Cnhics M K! 

(iiiinia di' Solo (j 22 

<;uira(l.' .M.'l.na M 11 

Halo Nucv.i .\I is 

Havana I I'op.200.40Si I, 12 

lloiiruin r :!(i 

Iloyo Coloiado L 11 

.larnco I, l:{ 

.lihacoa 1,14 

.1 i^cnani \V ."!.' 

.li(|iiial)o I, 1:'. 

.hnaro I{ 2.'. 

I. a i;nci-nci jada \ 22 

I, a .Tajrini. .'. M 14 

I, a I'lava do I'.ala- 

bano N 12 

I,a Saind M 12 

Las Arenas V Xi 

I, as CriKfs (» 20 

La Si'il.a M 11 

Las .Tnnia;;iias .M 2ii 

La T.'ia LIS 

.Madnifra M 14 

.Mafsa i('api'> X 44 

Maiaua I'.av (a t 

sontli end of Wi'st- 

ci'n 'Profliai X lo 

ALma^rna M 12 

Man/.anllli. \V .••.2 

.Mariana L 12 

Ma rid (northern 

point of \Yestern 

Troeliat L 10 

Malanzas(I'op..".(i.:!T!iiL 1.". 

Melena .M l:{ 

Mi'iinns L 15 

Minas S :!0 

Mojan^a (sonlhern 

point of \YeslerM 

Troeha N 10 

Moron X :!s 

Moron P2(; 

Xavajas X Ki 

Xenva I'az X 14 

Xnevllas U .-{2 

X\a. C.'n.na Usla 

de IMnos oil 

I', de Herraen Y .IS 

I', d.' Salin.'s X 10 

I'en. de Latorre o" 

del Uann.n T .'{S 

I'.-pe Aiilonl.. I, 12 

rinar del Kio O 7 

I'lava M 1!> 

IM.iv.i .l<l CaliniK.. . .X 14 

P. Mava L IT, 

P. Xnevd M 10 



CUBA. 

pi. xipc V :',s 

I'to. de P.ahialK.nda. .M S 

Plo. de P.anes r :w 

Plo. de Caliainis L !1 

Plo. de Casilda It 22 

Plo. di' C. hollas V 40 

Plo. de (JIbara T ::c. 

Pto. de .laicua P I'.l 

Plo. de la Ciiira M 10 

Plo. de la IIabana...L 12 

I'lo. del Padre S 35 

Pto. de .Mariel lat 
north end of West- 
ern 'rro.h.i L lo 

Plo. de .X.-iianjo. . . .T .•;7 

Plo. de xipe. .; T' :;o 

Plo. de Xne\ iias U :?2 

Plo. de 'r.inanio V 40 

Plo. .Maiiali S .S4 

Piierlo de Cnba Y ;i7 

Pinrlo Prin<-ipeiPop. 

4(;.(!41) S2<.» 

Ha 1 Y X^ 

Ui'tiUi L 12 

Kosario S V.i 

Sa. del Cobre X :'.6 

Sa. de Xipo Y :!S 

Sairna la (Jrande M 21 

S. Afrnsiin V 2S 

Sandam. M 12 

S. Andres <) 2a 

S. Andres V .".fi 

SMni.'na ile Tananio. . V 41 

Santa ("lara O 21 

Sanlia;;o di- Cuba 

(Pop. 71.:!n7l Y X8 

Santo Ksplriln (} 24 

S. Anionio L K! 

S. Anion!,, M n 

S. Cristobal X !> 

S. Felipe M 12 

S. Franeo de Fanla.M 14 

S. <;eroninio S 2S 

Sib.-iriinar LI.". 

S. .lose de las Laias.M 13 
S. Jose de los KainosM IS 
S. .Tnaii de los Ueni- 

edios X 23 

S. Malias L 14 

S. Miu'nel de Xnevi- 

las S 32 

S. M. Kosario L 12 

S. Xi<-olas M 14 

Sta. Ana M ir. 

Sta. Catalina X 40 

Sta. Crnz Y 2!l 

Sta. Itosa X 40 

Tapasli- L 13 

Torri.nle X Ifi 

Triniilad <^ 22 

Troeha, Eastern. . . . 

!•<} l: S2<i 

Trofdnt, AYestern..M X lo 

Tnnas U 23 

A'leioria de las Tn- 
nas r 33 

VIdna X 31 

AYesiern Troeha. .M N lo 

Yark'iia T .a 

Yulleriiii X 7 




:J 



Gunboat. 
Length, 



HELENA. Speed, 13 knots. 

250f feet; breadth, 40 feet. Displacement, 1,392 tons. Guns, eight 



4-inch rapid-fire, four 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, and two Gatlings. 
One torpedo-tube. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope |. Officers, 10; men, 160. 
Cost, $280,000. 




Dispatch-boat. DOLPHIN. Speed, 15^ knots. 

Length, 240 feet; breadth, 32 feet. Displacement, 1,486 tons. Guns, two 4-inch 
rapid-fire, two 6-pounder rapid-fire, two 47-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and 
two Gatlings, Officers, 7; men, 108. Cost, $315,000. 

— 71 — 




Training-ship. BANCROFT. Speed, 14J knots. 

Length, 187^ feet; breadth, 32 feet. Displacement, 839 tons. Guns, four 4-inch 
rapid-fire, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, one 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, 
one 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and one Catling. Two torpedo-tubes. 
Armor, in inches, deck |, slope 5-16. Officers, 10; men, 113. Cost, $250,000. 




Gunboat. 'i URKTOWN. Speed, IG knots. 

Length, 230 feet; breadth, 36 feet. Displacement, 1,710 tons. Gun.s, six 6-inch 
breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and one 1-pounder rapid-fire, two 
37-millimet('r Hotchkis.>< revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Six torpedo-tubes. 
Armor, in inches, deck and slope §. Officers, 14; men. 181. r^)st, $455,000, 

— 72 — 




Protected Steel Cruiser. 



BOSTON. Speed, 15J knots. 

Length, 271i feet, breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,000 tons. Guns, six 
6-inch and two 8-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 
1-pounder rapid-fire, two 37 and two 47 millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and 
two Catlings. Armor, in inches, deck and slope IJ. Officers, 19; men, 265. Contract 
price, $619,000. 




Proii. I, I ,-' -el Cruiber. ATLANTA. 

Length, 271i feet; breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,000 tons. Guns, six G-inch 
and two 8-inch breach-loading rirtes, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and four 1-pounder 
lapid-fire, two 47-millimet9r Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatlings. Armor, 
in inches, deck and slope IJ. Officers, 19; men, 265. Contract price, $617,000. 




Unprotected Steel Cruiser. MARBLEHEAD. Speed, 18^ knots.. 

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, nine 5-inclt 
rapid-fire, six 6-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, and two Gatlings. Three torpedo- 
tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope 7-16. Officers, 20; men, 254. Cost, $674,000. 




Unprotected Steel Cruiser. MONTGOMERY. Speed, 19J knots. 

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, two 6-inch 
and eight 5-inch rapid-fire, si.x 6-pounder and two l-pounder rapid-fire, and eleven 
Gatlings. Three tor])edo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, .slope 7-16. OHicers, 
13; men, 228. Cost, .$612,500. 

— 74- 




Gunboat. CONCORD. Speed, 17 knots. 

Length, 230 feet ; breadth, 36 feet. Displacement, 1,710 tons. Guns, six 
6-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rajiid-fire, two 37-milIi- 
meter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatiings. Six tdrpeilo-tubes. Armor, in 
inches, deck and slope §. Officers, 13; men, 180. Cost. $490,000 




Dynamite Cruiser. VESUVIUS. Speed, 21J knots. 

Length, 252 J feet; breadth, 26 J feet. Displacement, 929 tons. Guns, three 
15-inch dynamite, and three 3-pounder rapid-fire. Armor, in inches, deck and slope 
3-16. Officers, 6; men, 64. Cost, $350,000. 




Protected steel Cruiser. SAN FRANCISCO. -; i.',Kn..ts. 

Length, 310 feet; bread tii, 48 feet. Displacement, 4,098 tons. Guns, twelve 
6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, four 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid- 
fire, three 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and four Catlings. Four torpedo- 
tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3. Officers, 33; men, 350. Cost, $1,428,000. 




BALTIMORE. 



Displacement, 4,413 tons. 



Protected Steel Cruiser. 

Speed, 20 knots. Length, 327i feet; breailth, 48i feet. Guns, four 8-ineh and six 
6-inch breech-loading rifles, four tl-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, 
four 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Four torpedo-tubes. 
Armor, in inches, deck 2J, slope 4. Oflicers, 36; men, 350. Contract price, $1,325,000. 

— 76 — 




Protert.MJ Sn.,.1 (Yii; . CINCINNATI. Speed, 19 knots. 

Length, 300 feet; breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,213 tons. Guns, ten 
5-inch and one 6-inch rapid-fire, eight 6-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, and twO' 
Gatlings. Two torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 1, slope 2^. Officers, 20; men,. 
293. Cost, $1,100,000. 




Protected Steel Cruiser. MINNEAPOLIS. Speed, 23i knots. 

Length, 412 feet; breadth, .58i feet. Displacement, 7,375 tons. Guns, one 8-inch 
breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch and eight 4-inch rapid-fire, twelve 6-pounder and four 
1-pounder rapid-fire, and four Gatlings. Five torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 
2i slope 4. Officers, 38; men, 456. Cost, $2,690,000. 

— 77 - 




y 



« I • ■ ■ ■ 



Unprotected Steel Cruiser. Ul£ I'ROIT. Speed, isj knots. 

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, nine 5-inch 

rapid-fire, six 6-pounder and two l-pounder rapid-fire, and one Catling. Three torpedo- 

iubes. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope 7-lC. Officers, 20; men 23fi. Cost, $612,500. 




.MONTEREY. Sj m 

59 feet. Displacement, 4,084 tons. 



i. l: 



DouliK-iuii.-i Monitor. 

Length, 256 feet; breadth, 59 feet. Displacement, 4,084 tons. Guns two 
12-inch and two 10-inch breech-loading rifles, six 6-pounder rapid-fire, two Catlings, 
-and four l-pounder rapid-fire cannon. Armor, in inches, sides 13, turrets 8, bar- 
bettes 14, deck 3. Oflicers. 19; men, 1V2. Cost, $1,628,950. 

— 78 — 



::^S^i^Sm^ 



:all^^^*^5f^ 



Steel Torpedo-boat. 

Length, 138f feet; breadth, 
1-pounder rapid-tire. Torpedo-tubes, three 18-inch Whitehead. 
Cost, $82,750. 



CUSHINQ. Speed, 22^ knots. 

14J feet. Displacement, 105 tons. Guns, three 



Officers, 3; men, 20. 




<junboat. 



BENNINGTON 



knots. 



Speed, l". 

Length, 230 feet; breadth, 36 feet. Displacement, 1,710 tons. Guns, six 6-inch 
breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, two 37-millimeter 
Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatlings. 8ix torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, 
deck and slope |. Officers, 16; men, 179. Cost, $490,000. 

— 79 — 




Protected Steel Cruiser. RALEIGH. Speed, 19 knots. 

Length, 300 feet; breadth, 42 feet. Dii^placement, 3,213 tons. Guns, one 6-inch 
and ten 5-inch rapid-fire, eight 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, and eleven 
Gatlings. Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 1, slope 2^. Officers, 20; 
men, 293. Cost, $1,100,000. 




Double-turret Monitor. 



TERROR 



Speed, 12 knots. 

Length. 259J feet; breadth, ooj feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four 
10-inch breech-loading rifies, and eight rapid-fire and machine-guns. Armor, in inches, 
sides 7, turrets llj, deck li Officers. 26; men. IHl. Cost, $3,178,046. 



WEST INDIES. 





1 

»CAL£ I.IO.aM.OOO— 172 MILES TO ONE INCH 




1 








STATUTE MILES 












IK 200 300 <00 


sou 




ISOO 




mOMCTERS 








— 


IK" 


too joo iio uo 'flio no 


800 


900 


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1 




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1 


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